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restoration of colonialism president soekarno and prime minister sjarifoeddin lost no time in presenting their case to the world in this light following the outbreak of hostilities the djokjakarta radio carried their pleas to the united states great britain india pakistan aus tralia and to indonesia s friends throughout the world to halt the conflict in the interest of the freedoms proclaimed and recognized by the united nations charter the primary diplomatic aim of the republic was to have the whole subject placed on the security council s agenda while the t r i prepared for a long guerrilla war the republican foreign office intensified its efforts on the international scene the friend ships which the republic had cemented abroad after linggadjati were to be of great importance to the indonesian cause machiavelli had certainly not played on one side alone in cairo hadji salim held hurried conferences with the arab league states plans were discussed for having one of the league members introduce the indonesian question to the security council contact was established by the hadji with the secretary general of the league abdul rahman azzam pasha in new york and al though the league did not bring the subject to lake success the republic was to have a strong friend on its side from this source 6 syria s delegate on the council faris el khouri was at the time chairman of the council and thus in a strategic position to expedite handling of the matter when it was introduced in canberra dr r oesman an official of the republican minis try of foreign affairs made a direct appeal to the australian prime minister j b chifley on july 24 to bring the hostilities in indo nesia to the attention of the security council relations between australia and the republic had been very close in batavia in the early part of june dr oesman had gone to canberra from java to discuss certain aspects of these relations with the australian minis while supporting the indonesian case through syria s delegate when the question came to lake success the arab league did not seem anxious to introduce the subject itself the probable reason was that egypt s prime minister nokrasny pasha was pre paring to introduce another colonial problem that of the presence of british troops in egypt and the sudan to the council at precisely the same time the indonesian story try erf external affairs dr qesman s appeal brought concrete results foe the republic within a week finally on july 22 soetan sjahrir left djokjakarta by plane as a son of emissary at large to plead the indonesian case before the world and eventually before the security council his first major stop was new delhi where he consulted with his friend jawaharlal nehru as a result of these consultations nehru issued a sort of indian monroe doctrine decrying the use of any troops by a foreign power on asiatic soil and declaring india s opposition to colonialism in any form in asia 7 moreover he specifically con demned the use of force by the netherlands threatened a ban on all dutch air traffic through india s important calcutta air terminus and called upon the projected moslem state of pakistan to issue a similar ban with respect to the western air center at karachi after requesting both the united states and british governments to take action nehru announced on july 28 that india herself would bring the subject of hostilities in indonesia before the security council immediately sjahrir s conferences with nehru and the results which they achieved were significant not only for indonesia but for the rest of the world as well nehru s statements were a bold and forceful indi cation of a growing fraternal self consciousness among the former colonial states of asia a self consciousness which may conceivably some day lead to an asiatic power bloc stretching from egypt in the west through pakistan and india and southeast asia to indonesia in the east and the philippines in the northeast the new delhi inter asian relations conference in the spring of 1947 was one formal indication of such a possibility nehru s public statements at the end of july were another sjahrir s statements upon his arrival in india indicated that his moderate views on compromise with the dutch had altered he spoke instead of indonesia fighting to the last man in the strag gle against dutch attempts to restore colonialism aside from the political and psychological reasons for these statements there is little doubt that his personal views had stiffened throughout the twenty months negotiations which he had led sjahrir clung to the belief that he could compromise with the dutch without compromising the basic tenets of the indonesian revolution and that he could coix inter ha nehra stated cm july 24 no european country whatever it may be has any right to set its army in asia against the people of asia the spirit of the new asia will not tolerate such things the role of the security council ij7 cede details without making any concessions to the restoration of colonialism from his standpoint dutch aggressive action had temporarily at least made it impossible to compromise any further without com promising the principles of the nationalist movement itself though a moderate sjahrir had decided that moderation was futile in an atmosphere of force his strong public testimony before the security council clearly indicated this change in attitude appeals to the security council the republic s diplomatic activities produced the immediate re sult at which they had aimed on july 30 the governments of aus tralia and india addressed formal letters to the security council they called attention to the indonesian situation and requested immediate action by the council to deal with the hostilities which had already been in progress for ten days the two requests differed on a technical matter in the australian note signed by colonel william r hodgson the australian delegate to the council the council s attention was drawn to the hostilities at present in progress between the armed forces of the netherlands and the republic of indonesia it went on to state that australia considered these hostilities to con stitute a breach of the peace under article 39 of the united na tions charter and it urged the council to take immediate action to restore international peace and security colonel hodgson s letter suggested that without prejudice to the rights claims or positions of the parties concerned the council should call upon these parties to cease hostilities forthwith and to begin arbitration in accordance with article xvii of the linggadjati agreement 8 this was the first time that any case had been referred to the coun cil under article 39 of the charter as constituting a breach of the peace the indian note signed by nehru approached the subject from the often invoked provision of article 34 of the charter covering situations endangering the maintenance of international peace and security and authorizing the council to take action in such cases india called upon the council to put an end to the situation in question but did not recommend any concrete steps to be applied by the council under the circumstances when the subject was placed on the council s agenda on july 31 s see appeodix p 178 138 the indonesian story the australian note carried precedence since its contention was that a breach of the peace had been committed whereas the indian note referred to a situation which endangered the maintenance of peace as soon as it was learned that the council had received the aus tralian and indian notes the netherlands ambassador to washing ton eelco r van kleffens issued a public statement denying the council s jurisdiction in the indonesian dispute dr van kleffens a shrewd and capable veteran of the netherlands foreign office con tended that the case was an internal problem of the netherlands and hence was not the concern of the council he referred to article 2 of the charter forbidding interference by the united nations in the domestic affairs of any country and he maintained that the limited police action which the netherlands had undertaken within its own territory did not affect the peace or security of any other coun tries the council in effect decided however that the hostilities in progress did constitute a breach of the peace hence enforcement measures by the council to end such hostilities took precedence over the internal domestic aspects of the issue under chapter vii of the charter the decision meant that a conflict of the political and mili tary magnitude of that in indonesia required action by the enforce ment body of the united nations on august i with the three colonial powers on the council great britain france and belgium abstaining the council took action in a dual resolution it called upon the netherlands and the republic a to cease hostilities forthwith and b to settle their disputes by arbitration or by other peaceful means and to keep the council informed about the progress of the settlement the resolu tion was significant not only had the council taken a concrete and affirmative action but the resolution had witnessed the unusual spectacle of the united states and russia voting together on an im portant matter at lake success just prior to the security council s approval of the amended aus tralian resolution the united states announced that it had offered its good offices 8 to both the netherlands and the republic to bring about a settlement of their dispute in anticipation of part b of the final resolution the united states hope had been to extend its aid in bringing about a settlement outside the council so that the the term good offices implies simply that a third party stands ready to be of service in bringing two disputants together for discussions it does not necessarily imply niediatioii since the latter term connotes active participation in the discussions by the third party good offices may lead to mediation by the third party but need not neces sarily have that result the role of the security council indonesian question would not degenerate into a political football game between the two major power groupings in the council the dutch welcomed the united states offer but the republic used it as a means of renewing its requests for security council action and arbitration from the republic s point of view the policy and sympathies of the united states with respect to indonesia were unclear knowing that the united states must regard indonesia not as a separate issue but in relation to the evolving world situation and to the opposing alignment of american and russian power in europe the republic preferred to rely on a solution directed by the united nations the american offer was therefore accepted with qualifications later it was rejected by sjahrir at lake success when die united states called for a clearcut yes or no reply the united states thereupon announced that its offer of good offices had lapsed three days after the council had called upon both panics to halt hostilities forthwith dr van mook and prime minister sjarifoeddin both announced the acceptance by their respective governments of the council s order cease fire orders were issued on both sides to be come effective midnight august 4 by that time the dutch forces had attained most of their territorial objectives in java no attack had materialized against djokjakarta but republican central java had been cut off from west and east java and from the sea in addition the dutch had established a bridgehead on the island of madura to the northeast of java strong resistance had been offered by the t r i at only a few points while inflicting several counter attacks on the rapidly mov ing dutch forces the t r l had kept to its plan of harassing rather than concentratedopposition and of saving its strength for the future the dutch objective of meeting and destroying the repub lican forces was no nearer fulfillment when the cease fire was given than it had been two weeks before however the initial territorial objectives had been almost wholly attained the dutch had come to within forty miles of djokjakarta but the possibility of an attack on the republican capital had been at least temporarily abandoned however the republican government was sufficiently fearful of such an attack that it made plans for moving the capital to sumatra at the mountain stronghold of bukit tinggi in the menangkabau area of western sumatra vice president hatta was commissioned by the indonesian cabinet and the k n j p to set up a new capital in the event of an attack on djokja hatta himself was delegated to assume formal leadership of both the civil government and the the indonesian story armed forces in case president soekarno and prime minister sjari foeddin should be unable to leave djokja about the only immediate result of the united nations action was the abandonment of an attack on the republican capital other wise within two days of the cease fire order hostilities were resumed by both sides with each side bitterly accusing the other o starting an attack and condoning its own retaliatory action as self defense protests soon began to stream into lake success from both the re public and the dutch accusing one another of violating the cease fire order acting decisively and under pressure from both australia and russia mr el khouri again placed the indonesian question on the council s agenda for discussion on august 6 it had become apparent that the situation in indonesia was again deteriorating despite the much heralded council victory of august 1 the re public moreover was addressing repeated requests to the council to set up a commission to investigate and implement the execution of the cease fire order and to arbitrate the basic disputes at issue on august 12 over the protest of dr van kleffens the security council voted to seat soetan sjahrir and to hear him as the repub lic s representative at the council s discussions sjahrir had arrived in new york from cairo with hadji salim the council s decision to grant him a full hearing was a diplomatic triumph for the re public on the vote the three colonial powers opposed granting representation to the republic at the table according to the argu ment advanced by dr van kleffens that the republic was not a sovereign state and hence was not entitled to a seat the netherlands sustained another diplomatic setback when the council turned down van kleffens request for representation to be extended to delega tions from west borneo and east indonesia although he received american support on this motion sultan hamid and president soekawati were at the time en route to lake success by a dutch plane and the netherlands had hoped that their testimony backing up the dutch action might be heard to offset that of sjahrir on august 14 sjahrir made a moving plea to the council for a settlement in indonesia speaking in english he bitterly scored dutch pre war colonial rule and ...
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