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se are included as subjects in the curriculum and generally involved open and frank interaction with the teachers with the exceptions of cambodia and vietnam the unfpa funds most asian sex education program bangladesh myanmar nepal and pakistan have no coordinated sex education programs 85 some educators hold the view that sexuality is equated with violence these educators think that not talking about sexuality will decrease the rate of adolescent sexuality however not having access to sexual education has been found to have negative effects upon students especially groups such as adolescent girls who come from low income families not receiving appropriate sexual health education increases teenage pregnancy sexual victimization and high school dropout rates researchers state that it is important to educate students about all aspects of sexuality and sexual health to reduce the risk of these issues 86 the view that sexuality is victimization teaches girls to be careful of being sexually victimized and taken advantage of educators who hold this perspective encourage sexual education but focus on teaching girls how to say no teaching them of the risks of being victims and educate them about risks and diseases of being sexually active this perspective teaches adolescents that boys are predators and that girls are victims of sexual victimization researchers state that this perspective does not address the existence of desire within girls does not address the societal variables that influence sexual violence and teaches girls to view sex as dangerous only before marriage in reality sexual violence can be very prevalent within marriages too 86 another perspective includes the idea that sexuality is individual morality this encourages girls to make their own decisions as long as their decision is to say no to sex before marriage this education encourages self control and chastity 86 lastly the sexual education perspective of the discourse of desire is very rare in u s high schools 54 this perspective encourages adolescents to learn more about their desires gaining pleasure and feeling confident in their sexualities researchers state that this view would empower girls because it would place less emphasis on them as the victims and encourage them to have more control over their sexuality 86 research on how gender stereotypes affect adolescent sexuality is important because researchers believe it can show sexual health educators how they can improve their programming to more accurately attend to the needs of adolescents for example studies have shown how the social constructed idea that girls are supposed to not be interested in sex have actually made it more difficult for girls to have their voices heard when they want to have safer sex 87 88 at the same time sexual educators continuously tell girls to make choices that will lead them to safer sex but do not always tell them how they should go about doing this instances such as these show the difficulties that can arise from not exploring how society s perspective of gender and sexuality affect adolescent sexuality 89 brain maturity edit according to some studies several brain regions in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex and in the hypothalamus that are deemed important for self control delayed gratification risk analysis and appreciation as well as the prefrontal cortex area of the human brain are not fully mature until the early 20s or about age 25 90 91 it is then argued that partially because of this young adolescents are generally less equipped than adults to make sound decisions and anticipate consequences of sexual behavior 92 although brain imaging and behavioral correlation studies on teenagers that characterize them as immature have been criticized for not being causative thus possibly reaffirming cultural biases 93 robert epstein argues that teen turmoil which is blamed on differences in brain structure and function between adolescents and adults is a relatively recent western phenomenon that is largely absent in pre industrial societies and is a result of infantilization of teenagers rather than inherent brain differences he reasons that if such incompetence and irresponsibility were truly a result of inherent brain differences then it would be present in all societies and cultures as a result many studies and health organizations suggest that teens wait until they are emotionally ready to have sex or to wait until at least age 16 93 historical research edit in 1988 two researchers from the university of north carolina ronald rindfuss and j richard udry submitted a proposal to the national institute of child health and human development nichd to study the health related risk behaviors of adolescents 94 the study was intended to collect data on the patterns of adolescent sexual behavior that could expose teenagers to sexually transmitted diseases the researchers designed the study to capture data on a national sample of 24 000 youth from the seventh to the eleventh grade 94 the american teen study had initially been approved by both the national advisory council of the nichd and by other nichd officials granting the study funding up to 2 5 million for the first year commencing in may 1991 94 one month after the approval start date of the study secretary louis sullivan of health and human services hhs cancelled the research study after having been questioned and berated by those that did not believe that research on adolescent sexual behaviors would be beneficial according to charrow 1991 this may have been the first time that a previously awarded amount of funding had been revoked 94 the american teen study sought to reveal the importance of investigating the health related risk taking behaviors of youth by gathering data across various social contexts such as at home and school 94 countless critics had condemned the study by insisting that the issue of teen sex behaviors had been studied excessively 94 centers for disease control 1991 show that the age of first intercourse for american girls began to decrease from 1985 to 1989 the number of massachusetts teens who reported engaging in sexual intercourse increased from 55 to 61 between the years 1986 1988 moreover it was found that the utilization of condoms by teenagers may decrease when they have multiple sexual partners 94 the authors 1993 state that the mathematical theory of epidemics reveals two factors about the rate of increasing infections during an epidemic the first is the probability of an uninfected person contracting aids from an infected person the transmission of a sexually transmitted disease such as hiv will depend on the sexual behaviors of individuals their personal safety practices when engaging in sexual intercourse and how often they are in contact with sexual partners 94 the second factor is the number of uninfected individuals that are in the population at the beginning of an epidemic a sexually transmitted disease spreads when the uninfected partner of an infected person becomes highly sexually active within the population leading to an increase in the amount of those infected as the population becomes more infected an infected person will be less likely to encounter an uninfected one leading to a decline in new infections however although the rate of new infections of hiv among older gay males has decreased it is dangerous to say that the same pattern has been observed for gay adolescents 94 similarly data suggests that heterosexual adolescents also engage in anal intercourse which can lead to an increase in the number of infected persons 10 of women at an adolescent planning center 19 of female canadian college students and 25 of black and hispanic women at a family planning center all reported engaging in anal intercourse with their partners 94 the statistics suggest that there is an increasing need for research on the sexual risk behaviors of adolescents 94 the current research on adolescent risk taking sexual behaviors lack three fundamentals conditions that would give sufficient and generalizable data on the current sexual behaviors of adolescents the first is that the research studies need to have large samples and thorough designs to cover the diverse populations of adolescents that range from various genders sexual orientations ethnicities races and cultures 94 second there needs to be research that studies the interaction between various social contexts such as riding in cars for enjoyment and adolescent sexual behaviors that leave youth susceptible to engaging in sexual intercourse lastly it would be necessary for repeated longitudinal studies on the sexual behaviors of adolescents as behaviors are constantly changing and may be open to different interpretations 94 the american teen study would have been utilized to conduct the type of research that would be needed to investigate the increasing rate of sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents 94 the authors 1993 suggest 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