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6 they came to within 10 nmi 19 km 12 mi of the mouth of pearl harbor 77 and launched their midget subs at about 01 00 local time on december 7 78 at 03 42 hawaiian time the minesweeper condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the pearl harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer ward 79 80 the midget may have entered pearl harbor however ward sank another midget submarine at 06 37 80 nb 11 in the first american shots in the pacific theater a midget submarine on the north side of ford island missed the seaplane tender curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer monaghan with her other one before being sunk by monaghan at 08 43 80 the gun crew of the ward s number three 4 inch gun fired the first shots of the pacific war sinking a japanese midget submarine attempting to enter pearl harbor a third midget submarine ha 19 grounded twice once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of oahu where it was captured on december 8 82 ensign kazuo sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by hawaii national guard corporal david akui becoming the first japanese prisoner of war nb 12 83 a fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes 84 it was found outside the harbor in 1960 japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00 41 on december 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside pearl harbor 85 in 1992 2000 and 2001 hawaii undersea research laboratory s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside pearl harbor the wreck was in the debris field where much surplus american equipment had been dumped after the war including vehicles and landing craft both of its torpedoes were missing this correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser st louis at 10 04 at the entrance of pearl harbor and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer helm at 08 21 86 there is dispute over this official chain of events though the torpedo that st louis saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer boggs 87 some historians and naval architects theorize that a photo of battleship row taken by a japanese naval aviator during the attack on pearl harbor which was declassified in the 1990s and publicized in the 2000s 88 shows the fifth midget submarine firing a torpedo at west virginia and another at oklahoma these torpedoes were twice the size of the aerial torpedoes so it was possible that both torpedoes heavily contributed to the sinkings of both ships and especially helped to capsize oklahoma as oklahoma was the only battleship that day to suffer catastrophic damage to her belt armor at the waterline from a torpedo admiral chester nimitz in a report to congress confirmed that one midget submarine s torpedo possibly from the other midget submarine that fired torpedoes but failed to hit a target which was fired but did not explode was recovered in pearl harbor and was much larger than the aerial torpedoes 89 90 91 others dispute this report 92 japanese declaration of war see also japanese war crimes attacks on neutral powers the attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by japan but this was not admiral yamamoto s intention he originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after japan had informed the united states that peace negotiations were at an end 93 however the attack began before the notice could be delivered tokyo transmitted the 5000 word notification commonly called the 14 part message in two blocks to the japanese embassy in washington transcribing the message took too long for the japanese ambassador to deliver it at 1 00 p m washington time as ordered and consequently the message was not presented until more than one hour after the attack had begun but american code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before it was scheduled to be delivered 94 95 pp 2ff the final part of the message is sometimes described as a declaration of war while it was viewed by a number of senior american government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated 96 and that war might break out at any moment 97 it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations a declaration of war was printed on the front page of japan s newspapers in the evening edition of december 8 late december 7 in the united states 98 but not delivered to the american government until the day after the attack for decades conventional wisdom held that japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to washington 99 in 1999 however takeo iguchi a professor of law and international relations at international christian university in tokyo discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how and indeed whether to notify washington of japan s intention to break off negotiations and start a war including a december 7 entry in the war diary saying o ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success of this iguchi said the diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations and they clearly prevailed 100 101 in any event even if the japanese had decoded and delivered the 14 part message before the beginning of the attack it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war 102 the final two paragraphs of the message read 103 thus the earnest hope of the japanese government to adjust japanese american relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the pacific through cooperation with the american government has finally been lost the japanese government regrets to have to notify hereby the american government that in view of the attitude of the american government it cannot but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations united states naval intelligence officers were alarmed by the unusual timing for delivering the message 1 00 p m on a sunday which was 7 30 a m in hawaii and attempted to alert pearl harbor but due to communication problems the warning was not delivered before the attack 95 ch 1 first wave composition the japanese attacked in two waves the first wave was detected by united states army radar at 136 nautical miles 252 km but was misidentified as united states army air forces bombers arriving from the american mainland top a ford island nas b hickam field c bellows field d wheeler field e kaneohe nas f ewa mcas r 1 opana radar station r 2 kawailoa rs r 3 kaaawa rs g kahuku h haleiwa i wahiawa j kaneohe k honolulu 0 b 17s from mainland 1 first strike group 1 1 level bombers 1 2 torpedo bombers 1 3 dive bombers 2 second strike group 2 1 level bombers 2 1f fighters 2 2 dive bombers bottom a wake island b midway islands c johnston island d hawaii d 1 oahu 1 lexington 2 enterprise 3 first air fleet city army base navy base attacked targets 1 uss california 2 uss maryland 3 uss oklahoma 4 uss tennessee 5 uss west virginia 6 uss arizona 7 uss nevada 8 uss pennsylvania 9 ford island nas 10 hickam field ignored infrastructure targets a oil storage tanks b cincpac headquarters building c submarine base d navy yard the first attack wave of 183 airplanes led by commander mitsuo fuchida was launched north of oahu 104 six airplanes failed to launch due to technical difficulties 75 the first wave included three groups of airplanes nb 13 1st group targets battleships and aircraft carriers 106 49 nakajima b5n kate bombers armed with 800 kg 1760 lb armor piercing bombs organized in four sections one failed to launch 40 b5n bombers armed with type 91 torpedoes also in four sections 2nd group targets ford island and wheeler field 51 aichi d3a val dive bombers armed with 550 lb 249 kg general purpose bombs 3 failed to launch 3rd group targets aircraft at ford island hickam field wheeler field barber s point kaneohe 43 mitsubishi a6m zero fighters for air control and strafing 105 2 failed to launch as the first wave approached oahu it was detected by united states army scr 270 radar positioned at opana point near the island s northern tip this post had been in training mode for months but was not yet operational 107 the operators privates george elliot jr and joseph lockard reported a target to private joseph p mcdonald who was stationed at fort shafter s intercept center near pearl harbor 108 109 110 lieutenant kermit a tyler a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned intercept center presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six b 17 bombers from california the japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close only a few degrees difference to that of the bombers 111 and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar they neglected to tell tyler of its size 112 tyler for security reasons could not tell the operators of the six b 17s that were due even though it was widely known 112 as the first wave approached oahu they encountered and shot down several small american civilian aircraft at least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the japanese air assault began at 7 48 a m hawaiian time 113 3 18 a m december 8 japanese standard time as kept by ships of the kido butai 114 with the attack on kaneohe a total of 353 18 japanese planes reached oahu in two waves slow vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present the battleships while dive bombers attacked american air bases across oahu starting with hickam field the largest and wheeler field the main united states army air forces fighter base the 171 planes in the second wave attacked the army air forces bellows field near kaneohe on the windward side of the island and ford island the only aerial opposition came from a handful of p 36 hawks p 40 warhawks and some sbd dauntless dive bombers from the carrier enterprise citation needed nb 14 in the first wave attack about eight of the forty nine 800 kg 1760 lb armor piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets at least two of those bombs broke up on impact another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck and one was a dud thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships while four hit other ships 116 men aboard the ships awoke to the sounds of alarms bombs exploding and gunfire prompting them to dress as they ran to general quarters stations the famous message air raid pearl harbor this is not drill nb 15 was sent from the headquarters of patrol wing two the first senior hawaiian command to respond american servicemen were caught unprepared by the attack ammunition lockers were locked aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage 117 guns unmanned none of the navy s 5 38s only a quarter of its machine guns and only four of 31 army batteries got in action 117 despite this low alert status many american military personnel responded effectively during the attack nb 16 ensign joseph taussig jr aboard nevada commanded the ship s antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded but remained at his post lieutenant commander f j thomas commanded nevada in the captain s absence and got her underway until the ship was grounded at 9 10 a m 119 one of the destroyers aylwin got underway with only four officers aboard all ensigns none with more than a year s sea duty she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard 120 captain mervyn bennion commanding west virginia led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit tennessee moored alongside 121 second wave composition second wave b5n2 bomber kate over hickam field this message in response to the question is channel clear denotes the first us ship relates to orders for st louis to clear pearl harbor it is now housed with the national archives and records administration the second planned wave consisted of 171 planes 54 b5ns 81 d3as and 36 a6ms commanded by lieutenant commander shigekazu shimazaki 105 four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties 75 this wave and its targets also comprised three groups of planes 105 1st group 54 b5ns armed with 550 lb 249 kg and 132 lb 60 kg general purpose bombs 106 27 b5ns aircraft and hangars on kaneohe ford island and barbers point 27 b5ns hangars and aircraft on hickam field 2nd group targets aircraft carriers and cruisers 78 d3as armed with 550 lb 249 kg general purpose bombs in four sections 3 aborted 3rd group targets aircraft at ford island hickam field wheeler field barber s point kaneohe 35 a6ms for defense and strafing 1 aborted the second wave was divided into three groups one was tasked to attack kāne ʻ ohe the rest pearl harbor proper the separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions american casualties and damage arizona during the attack nevada on fire and down at the bow attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached west virginia was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack a destroyed vindicator at ewa field the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to pearl harbor ninety minutes after it began the attack was over 2 008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded 218 soldiers and airmen who were part of the army before the independent united states air force in 1947 were killed and 364 wounded 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded in total 2 403 americans were killed and 1 178 were wounded 122 123 eighteen ships were sunk or run aground including five battleships 12 124 all of the americans killed or wounded during the attack were legally non combatants given that there was no state of war when the attack occurred 125 126 of the american fatalities nearly half were due to the explosion of arizona s forward magazine after she was hit by a modified 16 inch 410 mm shell nb 17 author craig nelson wrote that the vast majority of the us sailors killed at pearl harbor were junior enlisted personnel the officers of the navy all lived in houses and the junior people were the ones on the boats so pretty much all of the people who died in the direct line of the attack were very junior people nelson said so everyone is about 17 or 18 whose story is told there 127 memorial service at nas kaneohe for men killed during the attack on pearl harbor among the notable civilian casualties were nine honolulu fire department firefighters who responded to hickam field during the bombing in honolulu becoming the only fire department members on ameri...
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