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in today s society background edit 19th century new york city edit in the 1880s many people in upper and middle class society were unaware of the dangerous conditions in the slums among poor immigrants after the civil war the country transformed into an industrial superpower and became largely urban 1 simultaneously a wave of unskilled southern european eastern european and asian immigrants came to settle in the promised land of the united states this migration was vastly different from the previous booms due to the influx of non western european and non protestant individuals which made the split between the new and old immigrants much larger 2 in the 1880s over 5 2 million immigrants came to the united states with many of these people staying in new york city this increased new york city s population by 25 therefore making the tenement problem much more extreme 3 a map of the area jacob riis surveyed while collecting material for how the other half lives in the years after the civil war many of the former residents of the most notorious slums were wealthy enough to move out of these conditions or had died in the war 4 also the elevated railway in the bowery in 1889 transformed this evolving neighborhood back into the squalid seedy neighborhood it was before the war and even made it worse 5 the slums were viewed as a problem by people before the publication of how the other half lives some political reformers believed that a wider distribution of wealth would fix the problem while the socialists believed that public ownership and a redistribution of wealth would fix the problem 6 national organizations such as the american red cross the national conference of charities and correction and the women s christian temperance union were involved in different aspects of the slum problem but these efforts were local in scope instead of national 7 tenements edit lodgers in bayard street tenement five cents a spot 1888 by 1865 a total of 15 309 tenements existed in new york city and the city s population was approaching 1 000 000 8 it was colloquially known to be a housing type for the poor made for maximum densities within the constraints of a 25 by 100 foot 7 6 by 30 5 metre lot 9 when the tenement house act of 1867 was passed the tenement was defined as any house building or portion thereof which is rented leased let or hired out to be occupied or is occupied as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another and doing their own cooking upon the premises or by more than two families upon a floor so living and cooking and having a common right in the halls stairways yards water closets or privies or some of them 10 it was with the publication of this act that the basic dumbbell layout of the tenement was first used this tenement style was supposed to allow more natural light and air ventilation into these living quarters as well as adding more water closets and allowing for the fire safety regulations required by the tenement house act of 1867 11 on top of this many of the landlords of these tenements did little to improve their conditions when asked about the enforcement of the new statutes the superintendent of buildings said that he was satisfied with hard wood in these tenements because it burned slowly 12 jacob riis edit main article jacob riis jacob riis author of how the other half lives jacob riis emigrated from denmark in 1870 to new york city eager to prove himself finding it difficult to find work he found a home in the slums of new york s lower east side 13 he went back to denmark for a short time returning to new york to become a police reporter during this time riis became a devout christian and devoted himself to the service of god and his fellows 14 riis turned to photography as a sort of pastime and found it a useful tool when writing his police reports once he began using magnesium flash powder he could capture the dark and dingy conditions of the tenements 15 how the other half lives was only one book in riis bibliography highlighting the conditions in the slums of new york some of his other works that highlighted more in depth views into slum life were the children of the poor children of the tenements the battle with the slums and out of mulberry street 16 summary edit prayer time in the nursery five points house of industry 1888 in january 1888 riis bought a detective camera and went on an expedition to gather images of what life was like in the slums of new york city 17 18 this both included riis taking his own photos as well as his using the images of other photographers 17 finally on january 28 1888 riis presented the other half how it lives and dies in new york using his images on a projection screen and taking the viewer on a journey by describing the images 17 throughout 1888 riis continued his lectures in local new york city churches which were reviewed in several newspapers including new york sun brooklyn times new york evening post and harper s 19 in february 1889 riis wrote a magazine article based on his lectures in scribner s magazine which was a resounding success the book version of riis work was published in january 1890 as how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york 20 the title of the book is a reference to a sentence by french writer françois rabelais who wrote in pantagruel one half of the world does not know how the other half lives la moitié du monde ne sait comment l autre vit 21 how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york explained the living conditions in new york slums as well as the sweatshops in some tenements which paid workers only a few cents per day the book explains the plight of working children they would work in factories and at other jobs some children became garment workers and newsies newsboys riis describes a system of tenement housing that had failed as he claims because of greed and neglect from wealthier people he claims a correlation between the high crime rate drunkenness and reckless behavior of the poor and their lack of a proper home 22 he uses his words and photographs to expose the conditions inhabited by the poor in a manner that spoke directly to people s hearts 23 according to whom while riis treats many of the ethnic groups he encounters with slurs and numerous stereotypes he still keeps his general hypothesis that the reason for the poverty in these communities is caused by the conditions surrounding them 24 riis often does have an ethnic hierarchy often its most extreme toward the chinese 25 riis ends how the other half lives with a plan of how to fix the problem he asserts that the plan is achievable and that the upper classes will not only profit financially from such ventures but have a moral obligation to tend to them as well 26 how the other half lives follows a general outline for the charity writings of the nineteenth century a section on crime the protestant virtues and vices intemperance idleness disorder uncleanliness miserable conditions of living disease the loss of modesty especially women the dissolution of the family the institutions that would help in their uplift as well as future sources of reform 27 the difference introduced photography to prove the squalid conditions and to increase sympathy for the individuals living in these slums riis finally convinced the average reader of newspapers that the poor were not so by choice that the dangerous and unhygienic conditions in which they lived were imposed by society rather than the result of loose moral standards that the slums were something that needed to be fixed rather than gaped at or shunned 28 critical reception edit after publication edit illustration of riis photograph of rear tenements the article proved to be popular and riis spent the better part of a year expanding it into the book published by scribner s books in 1890 it offered more illustrations and halftones than the magazine articles could offer 29 the book was successful soon after its publication the new york times lauded its content calling it a powerful book 30 the praise for how the other half lives continued in many other newspapers across the country many of these enthusiastic reviews were seen in christian newsletters which enjoyed riis view on the moral issues of poverty 29 the christian intelligencer reviewed the first edition saying books like this that lift the curtains and expose to public gaze the great evils of the system will hasten the day of reform 29 many of these christian reviewers found that riis work reflected conditions in their own cities and called for reforms similar to the ones that riis outlines in how the other half lives 31 one of the most famous people who liked riis work was theodore roosevelt roosevelt became close to riis during the former s two years as the president of the police board 32 roosevelt and riis worked together to abolish police lodging houses areas in police station houses that provided temporary shelter for homeless or destitute individuals that were prone to crime and public health crises such as outbreaks of typhus 33 as well as the reenactment of the civil service law the tenement house commission laws that increased the amount of factory inspectors making the eight hour day and prevailing wage laws effective regulation of the working hours of women and children as well as multiple other labor reforms 34 lasting impact edit because of this awakening caused by riis efforts many reforms were quickly compiled to improve conditions for the working poor in 1894 the tenement house committee was established 35 in 1895 they published the new york tenement house act which outlawed rear tenements which were squalid dwellings built into the backyards of buildings that did not occupy entire lots and provided even worse conditions than rooms of the buildings that faced the streets 36 this was also the first official document to supplement a written description of tenement housing with photographs 35 in addition to this legislature more reform was brought about by the new york state tenement house act of 1901 which changed the minimum requirements of tenement housing to include reforms in the amount of light received by living quarters increased fire safety regulations more ventilation restrictions on building height and increased room space riis has almost been given full credit for inspiring these reforms especially the act of 1901 because of his poignant descriptions of the degradation of mulberry bend this area was razed and replaced with a city park 37 how the other half lives also inspired reform on a national scale the department of labor published the housing of the working people in 1895 which was the second major tenement study of the decade 38 jacob riis was only the first to expose the conditions that the impoverished lived in using photographs some other works that detailed life in poverty were the images of the migrants during the dust bowl commissioned by the farm security administration by dorothea lange the other america by michael harrington and the american way of poverty how the other half still lives by sasha abramsky see also edit new york city portal society portal affordable housing in the united states history of new york city housing act of 1949 progressive era right to housing temperance movement in the united states welfare reform notes edit riis 2011 p 9 riis 2011 p 15 riis 2011 p 17 anbinder p 343 anbinder p 346 riis 2010 p 358 riis 2010 p 359 plunz p 11 plunz p 13 plunz p 22 plunz pp 22 24 sante p 31 riis 2011 pp 10 11 riis 2010 p 332 riis 2010 pp 172 173 riis 2010 p 335 1 2 3 riis 2011 p 3 riis 2018 1892 pp ix 59 64 87 208 269 271 riis 2011 p 4 riis 2011 p 5 speake p 325 riis 2004 pp 3 5 pascal pp 84 87 riis 2011 p 32 riis 2011 pp 18 19 riis 2004 pp 152 153 gandal p 29 sante pp 34 35 1 2 3 riis 2011 p 6 matters we ought to know how the other half lives the new york times 4 january 1891 riis 2010 pp 324 327 riis 2010 p 337 police lodging houses are they hotbeds for typhus christian union january 14 1893 riis 2010 pp 342 344 1 2 plunz p 38 tenement homes the outsized legacy of new york s notoriously cramped apartments 7 june 2018 retrieved 24 march 2025 the new york public library gandal p 148 riis 2011 references edit anbinder tyler 2001 five points the 19th century new york city neighborhood that invented tap dance stole elections and became the world s most notorious slum new york the free press isbn 0684859955 gandal keith 1997 the virtues of the vicious jacob riis stephen crane and the spectacle of the slum new york oxford university press isbn 0195110633 pascal janet b jacob riis reporter and reformer oxford university press plunz richard 1990 a history of housing in new york city new york columbia university press isbn 0231062966 riis jacob how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york kessinger publishing 2004 riis jacob 2010 diner hasia r ed how the other half lives authoritative text contexts and criticism new york w w norton company inc isbn 9780393930269 riis jacob a 2011 leviatin david ed how the other half lives studies among the tenements of new york boston bedford st martin s isbn 9780312574017 cite book work ignored help sante luc 1991 low life lures and snares of old new york usa harper collins isbn 0374194149 speake jennifer ed 2008 a dictionary of proverbs oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 158001 7 external links edit english wikisource has original text related to this article how the other half lives wikimedia commons has media related to how the other half lives how the other half lives at standard ebooks how the other half lives complete text and photos online how the other half lives at project gutenberg how the other half lives public domain audiobook at librivox how the other half lives portfolio at nyu documenting the other half link removed what do the world and people deserve the housing of the working people new york a documentary film archived 2017 05 07 at the wayback machine by ric burns episode 3 tenement museum of new york v t e housing rights in new york government agencies nyc department of buildings nyc department of homeless services nyc department of housing preservation and development nyc housing authority nyc housing authority police department nyc loft board nypd housing bureau new york state legislature legislation new york state rent regulation in new york callahan v carey housing stability and tenant protection act of 2019 mitchell lama housing program new york state tenement house act old law tenement new law tenement new york city multiple dwelling law 421 a tax exemption 1982 loft law 2009 loft law amendment article 7a local law 45 of 1976 local law 97 of 2019 self certification uniform land use review procedure local law 18 of 2022 non governmental organizations ali forney center asian americans for equality association for a better new york breaking ground the bowery mission citizens housi...
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