Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
file, security, operations, administration, exec, os, 2200, contents, history, clustering, and, application, groups, see, also, other, locations, of, source, material, references, footnotes, communications, software, the, system, subsystems, performing, work, names, management, access, methods, removable, packs, cifs, b1, officer, authentication, encryption, edm, batch, demand, transactions, real, time, cpu, dispatch, metering,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (522), and (238), for (115), system (97), 2200 (86), that (84), are (79), unisys (78), time (69), file (59), was (57), may (54), with (54), exec (54), run (53), control (46), other (41), edit (39), from (38), files (38), #systems (37), data (37), user (36), all (35), program (35), transaction (34), corporation (33), security (33), used (32), they (31), priority (30), real (30), level (29), batch (28), this (27), which (27), use (26), operating (26), have (26), pdf (24), processing (24), application (24), when (24), one (23), can (22), publication (22), but (22), access (22), were (22), univac (21), roseville (21), operations (21), not (21), priorities (21), clearpath (20), some (20), also (20), programs (20), each (20), its (19), code (18), most (18), any (18), could (18), statement (17), 1100 (17), series (17), there (17), set (17), levels (17), only (17), information (16), same (16), number (16), both (16), processor (16), sperry (15), will (15), 2014 (15), reference (15), servers (15), has (15), work (15), available (14), history (14), administration (14), software (14), transactions (14), more (14), applications (14), into (14), such (14), running (14), cycle (14), job (14), language (13), programming (13), dorado (13), release (13), manual (13), cifs (13), groups (13), called (13), based (13), space (13), memory (13), demand (13), about (12), rand (12), group (12), database (12), within (12), object (12), first (12), statements (12), computer (11), message (11), interface (11), users (11), allowed (11), two (11), sharing (11), element (11), these (11), mass (11), storage (11), new (10), command (10), manager (10), communications (10), very (10), hardware (10), their (10), multiple (10), concurrency (10), windows (10), part (10), physical (10), while (10), provides (10), because (10), read (10), higher (10), subsystems (10), name (10), runs (10), later (10), 1108 (10), text (9), burroughs (9), current (9), then (9), specific (9), support (9), management (9), sentinel (9), stream (9), messages (9), create (9), until (9), functions (9), still (9), names (9), even (9), start (9), site (8), remington (8), guide (8), often (8), maximum (8), allows (8), automatically (8), full (8), simply (8), tape (8), terminal (8), activity (8), must (8), encryption (8), authentication (8), clearance (8), created (8), privilege (8), type (8), been (8), mode (8), usage (8), deadline (8), execution (8), input (8), had (8), search (7), wikipedia (7), page (7), short (7), highest (7), 7830 (7), configuration (7), enterprise (7), api (7), early (7), source (7), scheduling (7), another (7), supports (7), tools (7), required (7), them (7), many (7), communication (7), via (7), special (7), shared (7), performance (7), than (7), those (7), session (7), configured (7), designed (7), without (7), version (7), general (7), dynamic (7), elements (7), processors (7), like (7), commands (7), additional (6), using (6), different (6), list (6), executive (6), earlier (6), computers (6), ieee (6), virtual (6), databases (6), architecture (6), own (6), represent (6), provide (6), either (6), officer (6), clients (6), operator (6), xpc (6), implemented (6), fully (6), single (6), through (6), card (6), supported (6), client (6), instruction (6), internal (6), does (6), generally (6), size (6), output (6), main (6), changed (6), capability (6), lower (6), immediate (6), jobs (6), began (6), division (6), add (5), contents (5), under (5), products (5), public (5), edm (5), structures (5), archives (5), sites (5), see (5), relative (5), started (5), environment (5), subsystem (5), although (5), stored (5), events (5), privileges (5), creation (5), performed (5), changes (5), queuing (5), hide (5), creating (5), certain (5), display (5), default (5), mechanism (5), mechanisms (5), compartment (5), controlled (5), write (5), rather (5), model (5), types (5), call (5), typically (5), filename (5), second (5), over (5), previous (5), need (5), made (5), form (5), executed (5), known (5), numbers (5), since (5), words (5), added (5), always (5), get (5), done (5), limited (5), few (5), immediately (5), updates (5), years (5), lines (5), became (5), multiprogramming (5), toggle (4), view (4), you (4), license (4), fastrand (4), mainframes (4), development (4), usually (4), unless (4), content (4), integrated (4), recovery (4), product (4), cipher (4), evaluation (4), ssg (4), platform (4), gray (4), george (4), smith (4), ronald (4), 1964 (4), computing (4), mainframe (4), contains (4), across (4), what (4), unit (4), might (4), models (4), etc (4), instance (4), queue (4), specified (4), remote (4), necessary (4), structure (4), written (4), unix (4), built (4), including (4), versions (4), server (4), cluster (4), among (4), locks (4), includes (4), combined (4), high (4), components (4), handling (4), cpcomm (4), provided (4), well (4), concurrently (4), account (4), fine (4), tasks (4), controls (4), point (4), defines (4), execute (4), executing (4), devices (4), after (4), gate (4), protection (4), qualifier (4), tree (4), removable (4), would (4), methods (4), locking (4), back (4), allocated (4), way (4), possible (4), basic (4), pre (4), naming (4), however (4), line (4), appropriate (4), taken (4), off (4), production (4), drum (4), dispatching (4), resources (4), slices (4), activities (4), switching (4), interrupt (4), cpu (4), thread (4), except (4), node (4), indicates (4), backlog (4), scheduled (4), releases (4), base (4), process (4), cms (4), multiprocessing (4), kernel (4), move (4), sidebar (4), policy (3), terms (3), last (3), description (3), retrieved (3), eckert (3), mcp (3), large (3), documentation (3), select (3), platforms (3), where (3), teamquest (3), complex (3), 7881 (3), 7862 (3), 7831 (3), sightline (3), 2015 (3), help (3), institute (3), linking (3), metering (3), open (3), legacy (3), silas (3), 2001 (3), third (3), 1109 (3), doi (3), society (3), annals (3), march (3), 2016 (3), free (3), references (3), article (3), historical (3), era (3), addition (3), links (3), locations (3), compilers (3), accounting (3), rules (3), example (3), airline (3), important (3), sessions (3), actions (3), local (3), allow (3), require (3), response (3), consoles (3), requires (3), given (3), mount (3), around (3), active (3), operators (3), fixed (3), loading (3), firmware (3), lock (3), low (3), accessed (3), device (3), providing (3), clustering (3), core (3), primary (3), together (3), module (3), algorithms (3), ssl (3), tls (3), included (3), microsoft (3), password (3), capabilities (3), log (3), fundamental (3), instead (3), project (3), who (3), grained (3), perform (3), concept (3), assumed (3), associated (3), profile (3), implements (3), range (3), integrity (3), objects (3), protected (3), follow (3), libraries (3), target (3), privileged (3), banks (3), separate (3), address (3), presented (3), disk (3), volume (3), packs (3), much (3), similar (3), backup (3), copy (3), linker (3), executable (3), structured (3), sub (3), personnel (3), character (3), approach (3), word (3), units (3), per (3), 112 (3), bytes (3), almost (3), record (3), adding (3), out (3), submitted (3), just (3), customers (3), ensure (3), capacity (3), times (3), percentage (3), progress (3), longer (3), defined (3), error (3), terminate (3), handler (3), sequences (3), occurs (3), diagram (3), threads (3), long (3), nodes (3), limits (3), sups (3), processes (3), sources (3), fields (3), state (3), performing (3), multi (3), threaded (3), everything (3), three (3), major (3), terminals (3), developed (3), efficient (3), table (2), developers (2), contact (2), privacy (2), apply (2), non (2), wikidata (2), articles (2), title (2), compiler (2), mauchly (2), technologies (2), looking (2), something (2), web (2), footnotes (2), universal (2), overview (2), 7844 (2), 2013 (2), end (2), 2012 (2), environments (2), july (2), 2020 (2), os2200 (2), 2009 (2), original (2), trusted (2), administrator (2), technology (2), symbolic (2), generator (2), 2008 (2), introductory (2), generation (2), 1980 (2), bibcode (2), register (2), x86 (2), 2007 (2), charles (2), babbage (2), holds (2), saint (2), paul (2), hagley (2), museum (2), library (2), bulk (2), material (2), distributed (2), languages (2), share (2), entire (2), stopped (2), notion (2), larger (2), corporate (2), bank (2), branches (2), consisting (2), scripting (2), administrative (2), day (2), area (2), changing (2), wide (2), particular (2), released (2), operation (2), pcs (2), linux (2), rest (2), console (2), issued (2), every (2), minutes (2), maintenance (2), path (2), coordination (2), operates (2), clustered (2), along (2), disks (2), simultaneously (2), accessible (2), achieve (2), greater (2), availability (2), suite (2), collector (2), drives (2), services (2), cryptolib (2), intel (2), protocol (2), caller (2), permit (2), kerberos (2), ntlm (2), maintained (2), encrypted (2), standard (2), include (2), private (2), owner (2), principle (2), granted (2), thus (2), uses (2), administrators (2), dac (2), associates (2), identifies (2), identity (2), down (2), bell (2), padula (2), biba (2), writing (2), central (2), various (2), consist (2), protect (2), unauthorized (2), implementation (2), successful (2), continued (2), managers (2), direct (2), requiring (2), visible (2), design (2), cannot (2), directly (2), hierarchical (2), followed (2), apis (2), compliant (2), network (2), formats (2), smb (2), today (2), volumes (2), now (2), automatic (2), pack (2), needed (2), containers (2), method (2), less (2), unloaded (2), queued (2), copied (2), transparent (2), treated (2), managed (2), pages (2), placed (2), reel (2), gets (2), marked (2), enough (2), found (2), relocatable (2), absolute (2), static (2), omnibus (2), serve (2), hold (2), utilities (2), link (2), modules (2), containing (2), twelve (2), desires (2), cycles (2), limit (2), applies (2), options (2), 999 (2), generations (2), offset (2), four (2), 504 (2), 512 (2), byte (2), records (2), adopted (2), reading (2), metered (2), customer (2), month (2), bill (2), excess (2), contracted (2), total (2), phone (2), several (2), purchase (2), monitor (2), cache (2), fairness (2), define (2), groupings (2), ensures (2), dominate (2), play (2), dynamically (2), handled (2), ways (2), quantum (2), essentially (2), small (2), resource (2), gives (2), unlimited (2), interrupted (2), interrupts (2), between (2), expected (2), should (2), dispatcher (2), aren (2), recognition (2), continue (2), cases (2), order (2), change (2), once (2), heart (2), dispatch (2), totally (2), selected (2), effect (2), avoid (2), package (2), received (2), additions (2), case (2), shut (2), community (2), applied (2), programmability (2), indirectly (2), images (2), runstream (2), background (2), authenticated (2), logging (2), inputting (2), itself (2), 49r2 (2), feature (2), future (2), official (2), managing (2), led (2), issues (2), primarily (2), anyone (2), moved (2), late (2), joint (2), 1972 (2), fin (2), terminates (2), his (2), delivered (2), asynchronously (2), symbol (2), reason (2), lowest (2), symmetric (2), safe (2), modifying (2), load (2), constraints (2), requirement (2), reentrant (2), drums (2), held (2), 256kw (2), engineering (2), 1965 (2), referred (2), 1107 (2), merged (2), term (2), acquired (2), william (2), norris (2), retained (2), family (2), website (2), 2023 (2), ago (2), 1967 (2), appearance (2), upload (2), subsection (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statistics, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, categories, category, https, org, index, php, os_2200, oldid, 1354556472, peter, altabef, presper, robert, barton, people, icon, linc, 4gl, holmes, es7000, b2500, b4900, b20, b1700, convergent, 800, 8300, numbered, take, document, planning, installation, 8370, clear, lake, siman, 01151, autoaction, 6900, 2321, 0281, ref, admin, multihost, 0919, catalog, 3826, 6110, apex, 8207, 4154, 1760, national, 1985, archived, department, defense, criteria, nsi, 5200, std, 7551, programmer, 7859, 6137, conceptual, 9960, fas, 7972, 7833, 3481, white, paper, 1749, 0323, ecl, furpur, 7949, 3850, 8032, 7851, 5475, 8438, jersey, lulu, 978, 61539, 223, isbn, 910845, 2001iahc, 23a, petschauer, richard, 1990, conference, bladensburg, evolution, simon, sharwood, against, merger, struggle, survive, mahc, 2007iahc, 29b, transistor, 707571, six, helpful, 2020s, arcane, sciences, university, minnesota, delaware, newsletters, newsletter, linkers, interleaved, permits, recovered, independently, corresponds, connected, finance, instances, thing, logical, construct, uds, audit, trail, graphical, interfaces, maybe, unique, settings, variety, specialized, tool, administering, installed, specifies, auto, action, recognize, scripts, respond, unwanted, translate, dark, room, displays, monitoring, alerts, occur, desired, typical, scrolling, remains, answered, scroll, repeated, mounted, window, reserved, frequently, updated, summary, redundant, continues, failures, damage, stop, kept, fast, engine, connection, extremely, latencies, deadlock, detection, ability, failed, speed, alongside, j2ee, consists, service, dcs, deliver, centralized, oversight, collection, agent, alert, reporting, browser, encrypting, archive, certified, triple, des, aes, fips, cmos, sslv3, disabled, vulnerabilities, openssl, transit, encrypts, decrypts, accelerator, biometrics, smart, cards, ldap, external, offers, flexible, party, identify, themselves, optionally, owners, keys, creates, demands, minimum, task, super, role, separately, authority, least, designated, too, restrictive, configure, choosing, serves, starting, delete, mac, confidentiality, equal, contain, combines, requirements, exactly, match, deleting, discretionary, mandatory, concepts, identities, compartments, combinations, reels, modification, exposure, dod, specification, obtained, september, 1989, 1994, practices, orange, book, messaging, pure, lists, importantly, entry, points, parameter, secure, analogous, dll, reside, cifsut, utility, exchange, compressed, winzip, appear, format, existing, converted, binary, understood, maintain, declared, shares, exists, declare, accessing, identified, query, common, internet, desktop, signing, samba, place, span, backed, subject, want, explicit, location, truly, represented, physically, generate, requests, exception, block, overhead, participate, whole, anywhere, pool, contiguous, 8kb, areas, expansion, attempts, allocate, adjacent, allocation, find, wherever, fact, present, backups, recorded, directory, compatibility, map, linked, otherwise, unfulfilled, statically, instructions, act, taxcalc, represents, restriction, concurrent, 256k, inserted, deleted, commonly, suitable, asm, cob, ever, employees, strings, whatever, referenced, next, leaving, defaults, wrap, consecutive, exist, deletes, described, addressed, sector, track, nonetheless, fortunate, accident, occupy, adjust, mapping, zeros, writes, stripping, reads, handles, sizes, multiples, indivisibly, unchanged, portions, chaining, guarantee, indivisibility, errors, convention, container, recently, power, administratively, accumulated, reported, billing, depending, contract, receive, above, baseline, showing, decremented, cell, potential, charging, latter, buying, paid, exceed, temporarily, permanently, workload, increases, emergency, optimizing, affinity, greatest, advantage, residual, isn, tries, keep, nearest, standpoint, further, indicate, assured, zero, come, busy, near, 100, utilized, adjusted, conversation, compute, oriented, sort, matters, infinite, lived, reservations, loops, due, reaches, vary, optimize, shorter, progressively, adjusts, behavior, behave, queries, fare, quotes, sent, fly, missiles, simulators, amounts, processed, interlock, post, routines, completions, initiation, examples, spin, someone, else, 4095, subset, switchable, voluntarily, give, lockout, arrives, prevents, getting, rate, manages, individual, how, quite, misbehaved, tie, request, restricted, policies, 2047, dependent, establish, dominating, exclusion, commitment, 4094, capable, 250, 000, takes, incoming, passes, handle, tip, scanned, determine, normally, determined, characters, scanners, assign, ones, send, signal, looks, conjunction, estimate, normal, appears, miss, mismatch, remaining, effectively, goal, suitably, automated, originally, recursively, flexibility, parsing, interpretation, recursive, simulated, reminiscent, yacc, grep, preceding, manipulating, parameters, heavily, programmatically, resulting, programmable, make, specify, reached, queues, selection, fifo, scans, stall, needs, bypassed, overridden, corresponding, userid, doing, characterized, having, runid, keyin, issue, boots, purpose, initialization, actually, enables, associate, debugging, cached, encapsulated, largest, factory, terminology, equates, sequence, steps, initiated, generated, authorizations, validated, supplied, result, restrictions, warnings, writers, happy, permitted, largely, daemons, widely, infrequent, intervals, week, decision, freeze, prepare, comes, fixes, minor, preparing, mainline, engineers, integrate, preparation, named, 44r1, 44r2, internally, responsible, communicating, promoted, ran, acquiring, submitting, notions, nature, carefully, cause, certainly, concern, days, reliability, little, chance, install, drivers, removed, replaced, combination, upper, cpcommos, 1960s, united, airlines, refined, air, canada, basis, growth, protocols, 1968, 1969, ascii, attached, image, spool, neither, expecting, entered, stopping, kill, redirect, eventually, organized, lockable, uniservo, syntax, master, comma, option, switches, remainder, differed, compile, look, sourcefile, objectfile, forgetting, insert, interpreting, subsequent, preferable, fortran, gave, preemptive, gaining, currently, realtime, got, test, entrant, during, runtime, acceptable, technique, encouraged, hit, benefits, touted, highly, valued, hacking, benefit, hackers, malevolent, self, entities, independent, cabinets, ibank, dbank, halved, severe, keeping, loaded, multitasking, contexts, merely, setting, sophisticated, copies, saving, took, consisted, foot, rotating, 432, 2mw, 1782, fragmentation, dealt, save, night, involved, rolling, reinitializing, mostly, scientific, simulation, missile, firing, 128k, 576, focused, earliest, did, 128kw, increasing, functionality, untenable, didn, leave, useful, 152, constraint, expensive, ibm, specifications, drawn, december, preliminary, programmers, beginning, cpus, envisioned, targeting, market, extreme, separation, supporting, behaved, reader, printer, punch, spoolers, sometimes, viii, best, features, commercially, simultaneous, mixed, workloads, comprising, flat, spindles, cost, educational, leisure, purposes, 1986, corporations, become, say, stands, your, supplier, companies, releasing, suites, tested, refer, others, bis, company, philadelphia, building, direction, founders, left, 1970s, begin, dropped, research, introduced, reflect, wider, 1988, introduction, 1110, genealogy, announced, planned, offer, really, weren, though, multiprocessor, going, 1951, came, 1101, machine, relationship, producing, 2010s, emulation, lineal, descendant, previously, past, note, pay, licenses, proprietary, monolithic, vmware, primus, comus, solar, packaged, interim, corrections, ics, update, marketing, 50r1, latest, initial, closed, working, developer, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, download, print, export, switch, parser, shortened, url, cite, permanent, related, here, english, talk, 日本語, top, personal, recent, portal, learn, contribute, random, navigation, jump,
Text of the page (random words):
ng control it was designed to run on systems that often had only 128k words 576 k bytes less than the maximum memory size for the ibm pc xt and was focused on real time and batch processing while the earliest release levels did work in 128kw increasing functionality in later releases made that untenable since it didn t leave enough space for programs of useful size the maximum memory capacity of an 1108 was 256kw 1 152 kb so efficient use of memory was the most important constraint since core memory was the most expensive part of the system mass storage consisted of 6 foot long rotating drums that held 256kw in the fh 432 to 2mw in the fh 1782 the highest capacity mass storage was the fastrand drum which held 22 mw 99 mb file fragmentation was dealt with by a process called a file save which was generally done once per day at night it involved rolling all files out to tape reinitializing the drum file system then reading the files back in with severe memory constraints and real time use keeping only a single copy of code loaded into core was a requirement since the 1108 was designed for multitasking the system was fully reentrant thread safe each reentrant module accessed program data through a single memory base address which was different for each instance of run data switching execution contexts could be done in a single instruction merely by setting a different base address in a single register the system used fine grained locking to protect shared data structures the executive compilers utilities and even sophisticated user applications that might have multiple copies running concurrently were written so that their code could be shared this required loading only one copy into memory saving both space and the time it took to load the code another reason to separate code and data into different load entities was that memory was implemented as two independent banks separate physical cabinets called ibank and dbank instruction and data each had its own access path so the cpu could read both banks simultaneously by loading executable code into one memory bank and data into the other the run time of many programs could be almost halved re entrant code had to be thread safe execute only self modifying code was not allowed for other programs modifying executable code during runtime was still an acceptable programming technique in the time of 1100 series computers but users were encouraged not to do it because of the performance hit security benefits were touted but not highly valued because hacking most 1100 series applications would provide no benefit to anyone and because few hackers were malevolent then exec 8 was primarily a batch processing system that gave applications called tasks very fine control of cpu scheduling priority for its threads called activities processor switching was preemptive with higher priority threads gaining control of the processor currently running the lowest priority thread of any program except in realtime systems even the lowest priority tasks got some processor time it was a multiprogramming and multiprocessing operating system with fully symmetric processor management a test and set instruction built into the hardware allowed very efficient and fine grained locking both within the os and within multi threaded applications in exec 8 work is organized into jobs called runs which are scheduled based on their priority and need for lockable resources such as uniservo tape drives or fastrand drum files the control language syntax uses the symbol which univac called the master space as the control statement recognition symbol it was immediately followed by the command or program name then a comma and any option switches after a space character the remainder of the statement differed for particular commands a command to compile a fortran program would look like for options sourcefile objectfile input data for an application could be read from a file generally card images or immediately follow the command in the run stream all lines until the sentinel command end were assumed to be input data so forgetting to insert it led to the compiler interpreting subsequent commands as program data for this reason it was preferable to process data in files rather than inputting it in the run stream in 1968 work began on adding time sharing capability to exec 8 it was delivered with level 23 of the executive in 1969 time sharing called demand mode had the same capabilities as batch and real time processes everything that could be done in batch could be done from an ascii terminal in demand mode job stream i o was attached to a terminal handler rather than card image input and spool output files the same run control language was used for both a few years later more specific time sharing commands were added and some control statements could be issued asynchronously for immediate processing even when neither the executive or the running program were expecting data those commands which could be entered only from a terminal began with because they could be performed without stopping other work in progress from the same terminal they were called transparent commands at first these were just statements to kill the current program or redirect terminal output to a file but eventually almost all control statements were allowed to be immediate both batch and demand runs terminate with an fin statement and if a demand user terminates his session while his run is active the exec automatically terminates the run without requiring fin communications software edit a transaction processing capability was developed in the late 1960s as a joint project with united airlines and later refined in another joint project with air canada this capability was fully integrated into the operating system in 1972 and became the basis of much of the future growth of the 1100 series early users controlled communication lines directly from within their real time programs part of the development of transaction processing included a communication message system that managed the communication lines and presented messages to exec 8 to be scheduled as transactions this moved all the low level communication physical line management and protocols out of the applications and into the cms 1100 application cms 1100 itself ran as a real time multi threaded program with the privilege of acquiring control of communication lines and submitting transaction messages for scheduling this led to the notions in exec 8 that applications of any nature needed to be carefully controlled to ensure that they could not cause integrity issues security was certainly a concern but in the early days system reliability and integrity were much larger issues the system was still primarily batch and transaction processing and there was little chance that anyone could install unauthorized code on the system cms 1100 later added the capability to be the interface for demand terminals as well as transaction terminals so that terminals could be used for both and the early terminal drivers could be removed from the exec cms 1100 was later replaced by a combination of cpcomm clearpath enterprise servers communications platform and silas system interface for legacy application systems 8 9 for the intel based dorado server models the lower level communications were moved to firmware with the upper levels handled by silas and cpcommos clearpath enterprise servers communications platform for open systems 10 the exec edit the exec contains all the code in the system that is allowed to run at the highest privilege levels there are no mechanisms for other code to be promoted to those privilege levels the exec is responsible for managing the system hardware scheduling and managing work and communicating with operators and administrators in release 16 0 the exec is level 49r2 49 70 5 the internal system levels use a three part number such as 21 92 42 which was the first widely used production system although earlier releases were used in production at a number of sites the first number part is the major level and indicates a new version of the exec with all previous updates integrated into a new base version this is an infrequent process and occurs at intervals of years the second number part indicates versions of updates to the major level and often occurs several times per week when a decision is made to freeze the feature content and prepare for release the third part comes into play and indicates versions of the pre release level as fixes and minor feature updates are applied concurrently with preparing a level for release updates to the mainline continue as engineers integrate changes in preparation for a future release for many years the official release level was the full three part number later releases were named simply 44r1 44r2 49r2 and so on although the three part number is still used internally performing work edit the exec is at heart a real time multi threaded batch processing system everything has been built around that model the exec itself is largely structured as a real time program functions that are performed as services in windows or daemons in unix like systems are implemented as either activities within the exec or as batch programs that are always running in the background time sharing known as demand mode and transaction processing are implemented as special cases of batch one result is that there are few restrictions on what a time sharing user or transaction program can do there are many warnings for writers of transaction programs that they will not be happy with performance if for example they call for a tape mount but it is permitted the largest unit of work is the run this is taken from the factory production run terminology and generally equates to job or session on other systems a run is defined by its run stream a run stream is a sequence of control statements that represent the steps to be taken they may include file handling program execution and branches of control a batch run is typically stored as a file and is scheduled by a start command from within another run or by the operator a time sharing run is initiated by logging in from a time sharing terminal and inputting the run command often the run statement and the second control statement often add or a program execution are generated automatically based on the user profile security authorizations are validated based on the authenticated user id and other information supplied on the run control statement transactions are a special case there aren t actually any control statements but the internal data structures of a run are created this enables the exec to associate the same security accounting debugging etc mechanisms with transaction programs generally a security profile is cached in memory at the time the transaction user is authenticated and is copied from the user s session data to the transaction run state when the transaction is scheduled because each transaction instance is essentially a run accounting logging and error handling are all encapsulated by the run mechanism batch edit batch jobs runs are characterized by having a runstream job control language statements stored in a file a batch job always contains an run statement as the first record in the file this statement gives the run a name runid defines priorities and defines the maximum number of sups standard units of processing the job is expected to use the job is started from some other job with a start control statement or by the operator via an st keyin the system may be configured to automatically issue start statements for any number of jobs when it boots these jobs serve the purpose of performing initialization recovery and background functions all of the fields on the run statement may be overridden by corresponding fields on the start statement except when the start is executed by a privileged user the userid and other security state are always taken from the run doing the start there are two priority fields on the run statement one is used to specify the backlog priority there are 26 backlog priority levels a z the exec has a configured maximum number of open batch runs when that level is reached jobs are then selected from the backlog queues in priority order within a priority selection is usually fifo however the exec pre scans the job control statements up to the first program execution looking for file names and reel numbers if the job would immediately stall because some resources it needs are not available it may be bypassed to start other jobs at the same priority level the second priority level defines an execution processor resource group in general higher execution group priorities typically get more processor time while the os 2200 job control language does not support full programmability it does allow dynamic additions of sequences of control language through an add control statement the file to be added may have been created by the same job immediately preceding adding it the add and most other control statements may also be submitted from within a running program via an api 11 additional programmability is available indirectly through the use of the symbolic stream generator ssg 12 ssg is a programming language for manipulating and creating text files from input parameters and system information it is used heavily for configuration management make processing and other functions where text images need to be created programmatically the resulting output can be add ed in the same run thus providing the indirectly programmable runstream ssg was originally created by univac for the creation of operating system os updates it was later adopted by the general user community for the creation of complex batch and real time computer processes the sources could recursively reference additional sources providing wide flexibility in input parsing the rules for output creation were also in source files with similar levels of dynamic input capability interpretation of the multiple input sources allowed for dynamic creation of output stream content complex recursive processes could be applied to create program source code job execution sequences simulated dynamic input from virtual consoles and in general provide scripting capabilities reminiscent of the unix grep and yacc tools operator commands are available to change both the backlog and execution priorities of runs as all operator commands are available by api to suitably privileged users this can be automated or controlled by a remote administrator deadline is a special case of batch a deadline run looks just like any other batch run except that a deadline time is specified on the run or start control statement the deadline time is used in conjunction with the maximum sups time estimate on the control statement a deadline job runs at normal batch priorities unless or until it appears that it could miss its deadline time then the more the mismatch between time unt...
|
