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o content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 livonian crusade 1 2 establishment 1 3 livonian civil wars 1 4 livonian confederation 2 nomenclature 3 in popular culture 4 see also 5 notes 6 references toggle the table of contents terra mariana 37 languages العربية asturianu беларуская български català čeština dansk ελληνικά español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego hrvatski magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 македонски nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenščina српски srpski svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia vassal state of the holy see for an estonian decoration see order of the cross of terra mariana terra mariana 1207 1561 status principality of the holy roman empire 1207 1215 1526 1561 vassal state of the holy see 1215 1526 capital riga de facto walk from 1435 common languages latin a low german livonian estonian latvian religion roman catholicism government theocratic elective monarchy legislature landtag historical era middle ages established 1207 st george s night uprising 1343 1344 landtag formed 1419 confederation agreement 4 december 1435 treaty of vilnius 1561 currency artig denier schilling thaler succeeded by danish øsel swedish estonia duchy of courland and semigallia duchy of livonia today part of estonia latvia terra mariana medieval latin for land of mary was the formal name 1 for medieval livonia or old livonia b 4 it was formed in the aftermath of the livonian crusade and its territories were composed of present day estonia and latvia it was established on 2 february 1207 5 as a principality of the holy roman empire 6 and lost this status in 1215 when pope innocent iii proclaimed it as directly subject to the holy see 7 the papal legate william of modena divided terra mariana into feudal principalities the duchy of estonia dominum directum to the king of denmark 8 9 the archbishopric of riga the bishopric of courland the bishopric of dorpat the bishopric of ösel wiek and territories under the military administration of the livonian brothers of the sword after the 1236 battle of saule the surviving members of the brothers merged in 1237 with the teutonic order of prussia and became known as the livonian order in 1346 the livonian order bought the duchy of estonia from denmark throughout the existence of medieval livonia there was a constant struggle over supremacy between the lands ruled by the church the order the secular german nobility and the citizens of the hanseatic towns of riga and reval following its defeat in the battle of grunwald in 1410 the teutonic order and the state of the teutonic order fell into decline but the livonian order managed to maintain its independent existence in 1561 during the livonian war terra mariana ceased to exist 1 its northern parts were ceded to the king of sweden and formed into the duchy of estonia its southern territories became part of the grand duchy of lithuania and thus eventually of the polish lithuanian commonwealth as the duchy of livonia and the duchy of courland and semigallia the island of saaremaa became part of denmark since the beginning of the 20th century terra mariana estonian maarjamaa has been used as a poetic name or sobriquet for estonia in 1995 the order of the cross of terra mariana a state decoration was instituted to honor the independence of estonia 10 terra mariana latvian māras zeme is also used as a poetic name for latgale region 11 history edit livonian crusade edit main article livonian crusade the lands on the eastern shores of the baltic sea were the last part of europe to be christianized by the roman catholic church 12 in 1193 pope celestine iii called for a crusade against the pagans in northern europe this crusade is often compared to the crusade of the franks and charlemagne however this crusade was not officially announced until 1197 or 1198 but the first account of this crusade is in a letter by pope innocent iii 13 at the start of the 13th century german crusaders from gotland and the northern holy roman empire conquered the livonian and latgallian lands along the daugava and gauja rivers the stronghold of riga capital of modern latvia was established in 1201 and in 1202 the livonian brothers of the sword was formed in 1218 pope honorius iii gave valdemar ii of denmark free rein to annex as much land as he could conquer in estonia additionally albert of riga leader of the crusaders fighting the estonians from the south paid a visit to the german king philip of swabia and asked permission to attack the estonians from the north 8 the last to be subjugated and christianised were oeselians curonians and semigallians citation needed this crusade differed from many other crusades because in this case the pope allowed people intending to go on a crusade to the holy land to go instead to crusade in livonia members of this crusade were made to wear the insignia of the cross as well which showed that they were legally bound to the crusade 13 after the success of the crusade the german and danish occupied territory was divided into feudal principalities by william of modena 14 establishment edit three mighty ladies from livonia by albrecht dürer 1521 this division of medieval livonia was created by papal legate william of modena in 1228 14 as a compromise between the church and the livonian brothers of the sword both factions led by germans after the german knights had conquered and subdued the territories of several indigenous tribes finnic speaking estonians and livs and baltic speaking latgalians selonians semigallians and curonians citation needed medieval livonia was intermittently ruled first by the brothers of the sword since 1237 by the semi autonomous branch of teutonic knights called livonian order and the roman catholic church by the mid 14th century after buying the duchy of estonia from christopher ii the livonian order controlled about 67 000 square kilometers of the old livonia and the church about 41 000 km 2 16 000 sq mi the lands of the order were divided into about 40 districts governed by a vogt the largest ecclesiastical state was the archbishopric of riga 18 000 km 2 6 900 sq mi followed by the bishopric of courland 4 500 km 2 1 700 sq mi bishopric of dorpat and bishopric of ösel wiek the nominal head of terra mariana as well as the city of riga was the archbishop of riga as the apex of the ecclesiastical hierarchy 15 citizens upper panel and commoners lower panel in medieval livonia 16th century in 1240 valdemar ii created the bishopric of reval in the duchy of estonia by reserving contrary to canon law the right to appoint the bishops of reval to himself and his successor kings of denmark the decision to simply nominate to the see of reval was unique in the whole catholic church at the time and was disputed by bishops and the pope during this era the election of bishops was never established in reval and the royal rights to the bishopric and to nominate the bishops were even included in the treaty when the territories were sold to the teutonic order in 1346 16 livonian civil wars edit coins of medieval livonia 15th 16th century throughout the existence of medieval livonia there was a constant struggle for superiority in the rule over the lands by the church the order the secular nobles of german descent who ruled the fiefs and the citizens of the hanseatic town of riga two major civil wars were fought in 1296 1330 1313 1330 and in 1343 1345 the estonian revolt resulted in the annexation of the danish duchy of estonia within the teutonic ordensstaat 17 the most important ally of the livonian order was the german nobility in the danish duchy of estonia 17 in the beginning of the 14th century denmark was no longer a powerful state and the local german nobility had effectively become the rulers of the territory after the estonians of harju started a rebellion in 1343 st george s night uprising the teutonic order occupied the territories the overthrow of danish rule came two days after the order had defeated the estonian revolt the danish viceroy was imprisoned in cooperation with the pro german vassals the castles in reval and wesenberg were handed over to the order by the german nobility party on 16 may 1343 and the castle at narva in 1345 in 1346 the estonian territories harria and vironia were sold by the king of denmark for 19 000 köln marks to the teutonic order the shift of sovereignty from denmark to the teutonic order took place on 1 november 1346 18 livonian confederation edit old livonia before the livonian war livonian order bishopric of courland bishopric of ösel wiek bishopric of dorpat city of riga archbishopric of riga the teutonic order fell into decline after poland and lithuania defeated it in the battle of grunwald in 1410 the livonian order managed to maintain an independent existence as it did not participate in the battle and suffered no casualties having obtained a truce with grand duke vytautas 19 in 1418 pope martin v nominated johannes ambundii to the position of archbishop of riga 20 he became known as the organizer of the livonian confederation 21 22 conflict commonly occurred between the order the bishops and the powerful hanseatic cities throughout the existence of medieval livonia to solve internal disputes the livonian diet or landtag gathered in 1419 23 24 at the initiative of archbishop ambundii the city of walk was chosen as the site of the diet the diet comprised members of the livonian order livonian bishops vassals and city representatives 23 on 1 september 1435 the livonian order s defeat in the battle of wiłkomierz claiming the lives of the master and several high ranking knights brought the order closer to its livonian neighbours the livonian confederation agreement eiine fruntliche eyntracht was signed in walk on 4 december 1435 by the archbishop of riga the bishops of courland dorpat ösel wiek and reval the representatives of the livonian order and vassals and the deputies of riga reval and dorpat city municipal councils 25 the states of the livonian confederation ceased to exist during the livonian war of 1558 1582 in 1559 the bishop of ösel wiek and courland johannes v von münchhausen 1542 1560 sold his lands to king frederick ii of denmark for 30 000 thalers the danish king gave the territory to his younger brother duke magnus of holstein who in 1560 landed with an army on ösel 26 in 1561 a swedish army landed in reval and gained control over the northern part of old livonia the livonian order was dissolved by the treaty of vilnius in 1561 the following year the livonian diet decided to ask protection from sigismund ii augustus with the end of government by the last archbishop of riga william of brandenburg riga became a free imperial city 27 and the rest of the territory was split between two polish lithuanian vassal states the duchy of courland and semigallia polish vassal and the duchy of livonia lithuanian vassal 28 29 nomenclature edit according to henry of livonia bishop albert of riga emphasized to pope innocent iii the importance of his see as a crusading venue and its association with mary the mother of jesus when reporting to the fourth lateran council in 1215 sicut inquit pater sancte terram sanctam ierosolimitanum que est terra filii sanctitatis tue studio fovere non desinis sic lyvoniam que est terra matris derelinquere non debes holy father he said as you have not ceased to cherish the holy land of jerusalem the country of the son so also you ought not to abandon livonia the land of the mother 30 in popular culture edit terra mariana appears as an achievement in the historical strategy video game europa universalis iv 31 see also edit kingdom of livonia üxküll ikšķile northern crusades notes edit in administrative and liturgical use referred to by historians as medieval livonia 2 or old livonia 3 to distinguish it from the rump livonia duchy of livonia and the livonian governorate that was formed from part of its territories after its breakup references edit 1 2 terra mariana the encyclopedia americana americana corp 1967 raun toivo u 2002 medieval livonia 1200 1561 estonia and the estonians second edition updated hoover press p 15 isbn 9780817928537 miljan toivo 2015 historical dictionary of estonia rowman littlefield pp 29 30 isbn 9780810875135 low german oolt livland livonian jemā līvõmō estonian vana liivimaa latvian livonija bilmanis alfreds 1944 latvian russian relations documents the latvian legation herbermann charles george 1907 the catholic encyclopedia robert appleton company bilmanis alfreds 1945 the church in latvia drauga vēsts 1215 proclaimed it the terra mariana subject directly 1 2 christiansen eric 1997 the northern crusades penguin p 111 isbn 0 14 026653 4 knut helle 2003 the cambridge history of scandinavia prehistory to 1520 cambridge university press p 269 isbn 0 521 47299 7 the order of the cross of terra mariana president of the republic of estonia estonian state decorations retrieved 2011 01 22 māras zeme tēzaurs tezaurs lv retrieved 2024 03 07 o connor kevin 2005 religion culture and customs of the baltic states greenwood publishing group p 35 isbn 0 313 33125 1 1 2 brundage james thirteenth century livonian crusade henricus de lettis and the first legatine mission of bishop william of modena franz steiner verlag pp 1 9 1 2 william urban an historical overview of the crusade to livonia plakans andrejs 1995 the latvians a short history hoover press isbn 9780817993030 skyum nielsen niels 1981 danish medieval history saxo grammaticus museum tusculanum press pp 113 115 isbn 87 88073 30 0 1 2 urban william 1981 livonian crusade university press of america isbn 0 8191 1683 1 skyum nielsen 1981 p 129 christiansen 1997 p 227 wendehors alfred 1989 das stift neumünster in würzburg walter de gruyter p 503 isbn 3 11 012057 7 bilmanis alfred 2007 latvia as an independent state read books p 67 isbn 978 1 4067 2870 5 o connor kevin 2003 the history of the baltic states greenwood press isbn 9780313323553 1 2 plakans andrejs 1995 the latvians a short history hoover press p 23 isbn 0 8179 9302 9 miljan toivo 2004 historical dictionary of estonia scarecrow press p 169 isbn 0 8108 4904 6 raudkivi...
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