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description= Drizzle ORM is a lightweight and performant TypeScript ORM with developer experience in mind.;
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drizzle orm codecs we ve merged alternation engine into beta release try it out docs postgresql mysql sqlite singlestore mssql cockroachdb postgresql 35k light dark system postgresql mysql sqlite singlestore mssql cockroachdb postgresql meet drizzle get started sustainability why drizzle guides tutorials latest releases gotchas upgrade to v1 0 how to upgrade v0 v1 updates relational queries v1 to v2 fundamentals schema relations database connection query data migrations connect postgresql planetscale postgres neon vercel postgres prisma postgres supabase xata pglite nile bun sql effect postgres netlify database aws data api postgres drizzle proxy expand manage schema data types indexes constraints sequences views schemas drizzle relations row level security rls extensions migrations overview generate migrate push pull export check up studio custom migrations migrations for teams web and mobile drizzle config ts seeding overview generators versioning access your data query select insert update delete filters utils joins aliases magic sql operator sql comments performance queries serverless advanced set operations generated columns transactions batch cache dynamic query building read replicas custom types codecs what are codecs why are they needed how codecs work are they enabled by default how codecs work in built in column types overriding codecs for built in types how codecs work in customtype jit mappers goodies validations zod valibot typebox arktype typebox legacy effect schema extensions eslint plugin drizzle graphql system light dark become a sponsor twitter discord v1 0 98 benchmarks extension studio studio package gateway drizzle run our goodies our primary backer our cloud partner drizzle is giving you 10 off turso scaler and pro for 1 year product by drizzle team one dollar stats 1 per mo web analytics christmas deal codecs what are codecs codecs are a driver aware transform layer that sits between your javascript values and the database they solve the problem of different drivers returning and accepting data in different formats for the same column types why are they needed driver differences each pg driver node postgres postgres js pglite etc parses and serializes types differently codecs normalize these differences so your app code doesn t have to care which driver you re using json context when a column is selected inside a json function like jsonagg jsonbuildobject or relational queries the database returns values in json format which may differ from the regular format for example bigint in json becomes a number losing precision codecs handle this by casting to text before json ification castinjson and then parsing it back normalizeinjson how codecs work codecs have two layers cast and normalize cast layer db level select bigint text from users normalize layer code level 123 bigint 123 123n cast operates at the database level it wraps a column in a sql type normalize operates at the code level it transforms the raw value into the type you driver expect both layers can have separate variants for different query contexts for reads select sql generation select col text from cast layer modifies sql database executes returns text representation js result mapping parselineabc rawvalue normalize layer transforms in js your code gets a 1 b 2 c 3 for writes insert update your js value key val js param building json stringify value normalize layer transforms in js sql generation insert values 1 jsonb cast layer modifies sql database receives key val with type hint each layer operates across 3 contexts each with scalar and array variants cast sql normalize js regular select cast normalize castarray normalizearray inside json castinjson normalizeinjson jsonagg rqb castarrayinjson normalizearrayinjson params castparam normalizeparam insert update castarrayparam normalizeparamarray json context exists because databases serialize values differently inside json a bigint that normally comes back as a string from the driver will come back as a lossy number inside a json object so codecs need separate handling cast to text in sql before json wrapping then parse the text back in js after method when example sql cast column in select col text castarray array column in select col text castinjson column inside json functions col text inside json_agg castarrayinjson array column inside json castparam param placeholder in insert update where 1 date castarrayparam array param placeholder 1 date method when example normalize select result js value 123 123n normalizearray select array result js array 123 456 123n 456n normalizeinjson select result inside json js json bigint bigint normalizearrayinjson select array inside json js normalizeparam js value driver param insert update where key val key val normalizeparamarray js array driver array param 1 2 1 2 pg array literal are they enabled by default yes every driver ships default codecs when you call drizzle client the driver s codecs are automatically used you don t need to do anything to enable them how codecs work in built in column types every built in pg column class declares a codec string identifier pg core columns integer ts class pginteger extends pgcolumn override readonly codec int pg core columns bigint ts class pgbigint53 extends pgcolumn override readonly codec bigint number class pgbigint64 extends pgcolumn override readonly codec bigint class pgbigintstring extends pgcolumn override readonly codec bigint string pg core columns line ts class pglineabc extends pgcolumn override readonly codec line class pglinetuple extends pgcolumn override readonly codec line tuple this identifier is a lookup key into the driver s codec map if the driver defines transforms for that key they re applied if not the value passes through untouched for example integer has codec int the node postgres codec map has no entry for int integers don t need any transformation but bigint has codec bigint and node postgres defines node postgres codecs ts bigint normalize bigint select 123 123n normalizearray arraycompatnormalize bigint select array 123 123n overriding codecs for built in types built in columns like integer bigint date text etc have a hardcoded codec string you can t change which codec identifier a column uses but you can change what that codec identifier does by overriding the driver s codec map every pg driver accepts a codecs option in drizzle const db drizzle client codecs bigint number cast name sql name text normalize bigint how codecs work in customtype note todriver fromdriver on customtype and codecs are separate layers todriver fromdriver are per column instance transforms codecs are driver level transforms and both are applied on reads codec normalize first then fromdriver on writes todriver first then codec normalizeparam read more about custom types here when defining a custom column type you can specify which codec to use via the codec property import customtype from drizzle orm pg core use an existing codec by name const custombigint customtype data bigint driverdata string datatype return bigint fromdriver value string return bigint number value 1000 extra column mapping logic codec bigint uses the driver s bigint codec codec as a function useful when codec depends on config const customdatatype customtype data number driverdata bigint number config mode bigint number configrequired true datatype return custom_type fromdriver value bigint number return number value 1000 extra column mapping logic codec config can be dynamic based on config if config config mode bigint return bigint return bigint number no codec skip codec transforms entirely const rawcustom customtype data string driverdata string datatype return my_type codec is undefined by default no codec transforms applied the codec field accepts a string one of the postgresql type identifiers e g bigint date json text etc a function config string undefined dynamically resolve the codec based on the column s config undefined default no codec values pass through as is
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