Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
of, pluricentric, language, contents, examples, varying, degrees, pluricentrism, see, also, references, bibliography, further, reading, external, links, arabic, armenian, catalan, chinese, eastern, south, slavic, english, french, german, hindustani, malay, malayalam, persian, portuguese, serbo, croatian, spanish, swedish, tamil, others,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (343), and (237), #language (125), standard (61), are (55), with (54), from (54), languages (50), varieties (47), french (44), english (43), pluricentric (38), spoken (37), has (36), arabic (35), dialects (35), spanish (33), isbn (31), for (29), but (29), this (28), edit (28), articles (27), also (27), was (26), german (26), that (25), chinese (23), two (23), used (23), croatian (22), needed (22), speakers (21), standards (21), which (21), citation (21), pronunciation (21), serbo (20), 1992 (20), based (20), not (20), differences (19), 978 (19), oclc (19), new (19), armenian (19), vocabulary (19), portuguese (18), other (17), written (17), official (17), there (17), retrieved (16), different (16), main (16), dialect (16), known (16), some (16), most (16), may (15), between (15), pdf (15), countries (15), der (15), more (15), have (15), bulgarian (15), its (14), tamil (14), all (13), clyne (13), one (13), sources (12), original (12), malay (12), speaking (12), catalan (11), eastern (11), south (11), und (11), macedonian (11), considered (11), their (11), swedish (11), non (10), european (10), archived (10), slavic (10), york (10), gruyter (10), linguistic (10), such (10), see (10), number (10), american (10), modern (10), when (10), singapore (10), them (10), france (10), wikipedia (9), use (9), unsourced (9), national (9), mouton (9), central (9), linguistics (9), michael (9), berlin (9), norms (9), grammar (9), literary (9), can (9), been (9), many (9), august (8), links (8), doi (8), 2012 (8), 2024 (8), hindi (8), republic (8), than (8), only (8), alphabet (8), section (8), same (8), mutually (8), northern (8), norwegian (8), forms (8), native (8), local (8), article (8), african (8), policy (7), cs1 (7), statements (7), 2018 (7), 2016 (7), how (7), kordić (7), 012855 (7), differing (7), nations (7), people (7), lao (7), cambridge (7), university (7), press (7), were (7), intelligibility (7), africa (7), orthography (7), form (7), distinct (7), islands (7), while (7), three (7), intelligible (7), where (7), even (7), found (7), second (7), including (7), century (7), british (7), text (6), additional (6), terms (6), 2025 (6), needing (6), references (6), routledge (6), sociology (6), eds (6), önb (6), 2009 (6), india (6), switzerland (6), die (6), annamalai (6), now (6), des (6), persian (6), indonesian (6), due (6), north (6), standardised (6), separate (6), both (6), varying (6), although (6), spelling (6), united (6), own (6), malayalam (6), often (6), canada (6), western (6), page (5), external (5), 2022 (5), containing (5), danish (5), research (5), compared (5), s2cid (5), 2019 (5), ssrn (5), nationalism (5), snježana (5), crosbi (5), contributions (5), urdu (5), reform (5), vol (5), 1991 (5), march (5), 2008 (5), political (5), example (5), malaysian (5), union (5), history (5), china (5), world (5), variety (5), sometimes (5), well (5), name (5), standardized (5), significant (5), degrees (5), extent (5), influenced (5), script (5), developed (5), learn (5), removed (5), citations (5), any (5), sri (5), tends (5), differ (5), speech (5), million (5), related (5), common (5), dialectal (5), however (5), 20th (5), examples (5), contents (4), search (4), about (4), using (4), dead (4), september (4), wayback (4), sociolinguistics (4), international (4), dutch (4), austrian (4), paris (4), europe (4), jezik (4), zur (4), handbook (4), sprache (4), papiamento (4), 2021 (4), global (4), era (4), june (4), mostly (4), words (4), cite (4), schools (4), canadian (4), mutual (4), orthographic (4), belarusian (4), classical (4), these (4), widely (4), orthographies (4), belgium (4), areas (4), soviet (4), pashto (4), officially (4), primarily (4), lit (4), urban (4), particularly (4), sephardi (4), ashkenazi (4), kurdish (4), remove (4), message (4), please (4), help (4), adding (4), improve (4), greater (4), malaysia (4), variant (4), four (4), government (4), much (4), regional (4), finland (4), usually (4), influence (4), across (4), community (4), major (4), those (4), brazilian (4), codified (4), hindustani (4), several (4), mandarin (4), taiwan (4), valencian (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), toggle (3), view (3), contact (3), 2026 (3), july (3), marked (3), contain (3), october (3), quebec (3), journal (3), london (3), germanic (3), further (3), situation (3), polycentric (3), 953 (3), ammon (3), 2002 (3), beiträge (3), 1995 (3), walter (3), abd (3), jawad (3), bibliography (3), link (3), status (3), machine (3), democratic (3), david (3), 2013 (3), mar (3), molinero (3), cervantes (3), madrid (3), 2015 (3), spain (3), mexico (3), educated (3), 521 (3), variation (3), bosnian (3), serbian (3), nowadays (3), april (3), croate (3), munich (3), lccn (3), politics (3), welt (3), innsbruck (3), lexical (3), culture (3), tajikistan (3), news (3), asia (3), iranian (3), specific (3), within (3), français (3), abidjan (3), japanese (3), dictionary (3), norman (3), lingua (3), franca (3), features (3), among (3), diaspora (3), tosk (3), albanian (3), way (3), aruba (3), curaçao (3), formally (3), rules (3), degree (3), into (3), include (3), various (3), southern (3), rather (3), east (3), promoted (3), first (3), hebrew (3), though (3), still (3), israel (3), communities (3), despite (3), komi (3), through (3), material (3), challenged (3), reliable (3), does (3), others (3), loanwords (3), lanka (3), nadu (3), result (3), instruction (3), came (3), rikssvenska (3), remains (3), sweden (3), commonly (3), finnish (3), intonation (3), thus (3), elsewhere (3), jews (3), growing (3), latin (3), states (3), after (3), another (3), caribbean (3), like (3), limited (3), closely (3), grammatical (3), developments (3), minor (3), tend (3), made (3), iran (3), popular (3), defined (3), what (3), regions (3), list (3), parisian (3), region (3), especially (3), gulf (3), would (3), taught (3), australia (3), zealand (3), relationship (3), accents (3), former (3), america (3), version (3), officials (3), armenians (3), armenia (3), karabakh (3), saudi (3), arabia (3), pluricentrism (3), tools (3), table (2), privacy (2), under (2), categories (2), foreign (2), november (2), 2020 (2), february (2), maint (2), postscript (2), clarification (2), short (2), description (2), wikidata (2), authority (2), dominant (2), attitudes (2), 1515 (2), centres (2), standardization (2), belgian (2), towards (2), 1017 (2), studies (2), dollinger (2), stefan (2), reading (2), 1968 (2), 531 (2), stewart (2), cobiss (2), kamusella (2), tomasz (2), current (2), zagreb (2), 1967 (2), abstand (2), ausbau (2), kloss (2), hans (2), 24668375 (2), 1988 (2), von (2), development (2), ulrich (2), 1999 (2), context (2), daniel (2), 200 (2), socialist (2), 1945 (2), politik (2), germany (2), austria (2), problem (2), deutsche (2), das (2), varietäten (2), 324 (2), 305 (2), permanent (2), fundashon (2), planifikashon (2), idioma (2), 2011 (2), constitution (2), ladino (2), historical (2), legacy (2), imperialism (2), instituto (2), who (2), español (2), 2000 (2), bosnia (2), herzegovina (2), bosnisch (2), kroatisch (2), serbisch (2), 2004 (2), aspirations (2), 208723 (2), zdb (2), 0080 (2), 2557 (2), issn (2), revue (2), études (2), slaves (2), thomas (2), 2003 (2), montenegrin (2), study (2), identity (2), une (2), langues (2), lincom (2), zwischen (2), zum (2), slaven (2), otto (2), sagner (2), 86688 (2), serbokroatischen (2), analysis (2), 1997 (2), 168 (2), århus (2), 169 (2), john (2), plus (2), bahasa (2), book (2), medium (2), congo (2), phonetic (2), tesol (2), quarterly (2), perceived (2), learners (2), 2007 (2), oxford (2), phonetics (2), 534 (2), secessionism (2), diglossia (2), continuum (2), afrikaans (2), attempt (2), russian (2), taraškievica (2), being (2), gheg (2), river (2), island (2), difference (2), bonaire (2), respectively (2), papiament (2), consists (2), displaying (2), sardinia (2), led (2), romania (2), moldova (2), romanian (2), great (2), exist (2), somewhat (2), lesser (2), recognized (2), certain (2), bokmål (2), contrast (2), laos (2), thai (2), center (2), time (2), therefore (2), prayer (2), should (2), because (2), today (2), identical (2), influences (2), occasionally (2), gorani (2), russia (2), divergence (2), reforms (2), gaelic (2), scottish (2), lankan (2), coinages (2), technical (2), register (2), uniform (2), majority (2), parts (2), loci (2), isolation (2), upon (2), literally (2), less (2), high (2), alongside (2), whereas (2), called (2), sound (2), pronounced (2), addition (2), reminiscent (2), judeo (2), colombia (2), music (2), television (2), largest (2), peninsular (2), vary (2), prestige (2), basis (2), ethnic (2), variants (2), undergone (2), guinea (2), formal (2), remain (2), close (2), each (2), mainly (2), systems (2), without (2), exposure (2), etc (2), word (2), significantly (2), farsi (2), dari (2), later (2), 1930s (2), system (2), perso (2), tajik (2), historically (2), versions (2), they (2), indonesia (2), additionally (2), recently (2), established (2), stage (2), letter (2), law (2), administration (2), linguists (2), notably (2), numbers (2), ten (2), fourscore (2), oceania (2), quatre (2), dix (2), particular (2), ring (2), small (2), become (2), type (2), cities (2), côte (2), ivoire (2), cajun (2), syntax (2), 17th (2), cases (2), far (2), make (2), acadian (2), measure (2), england (2), louisiana (2), until (2), early (2), recognizes (2), similar (2), prior (2), recent (2), reasonable (2), competence (2), education (2), population (2), southeast (2), coast (2), kingdom (2), ireland (2), almost (2), variations (2), scholars (2), politicians (2), bulgaria (2), refer (2), macedonia (2), banat (2), information (2), diverged (2), retroflex (2), taiwanese (2), guóyǔ (2), vernacular (2), out (2), since (2), balearic (2), around (2), together (2), termed (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, utc, hidden, permanently, iso, 639, 2014, specifically, weasel, worded, phrases, 2023, webarchive, template, simplified, traditional, factual, verification, matches, styles, https, org, index, php, title, pluricentric_language, oldid, 1368565704, gnd, control, databases, working, group, rudolf, muhr, conceptions, dominating, louw, robertus, 135, werk, 0006, 113, werkwinkel, overview, netherlandic, flemish, perspective, kircher, ruth, investigation, 370, 143695569, s0959269512000014, 345, 429, 63179, pluricentricity, debate, 1962, sociolinguistic, typology, describing, multilingualism, fishman, joshua, hague, 545, 080537, 9783110805376, readings, william, histories, 179, 171014403, 125229577, 4680766, 259576119, 1390118985, 367, 47191, 4324, 9781003034025, 167, instead, empires, nomachi, motoki, ideology, against, badurina, lada, silić, josip, disput, 108, 426269, 3438216, 437306433, 260, 054, jezični, varijeteti, nacionalni, identiteti, pranjković, ivo, policentrični, standardni, 30029461, jstor, anthropological, heinz, dua, raj, 400, 381, daneš, františek, herausbildung, standardsprachen, dittmar, norbert, mattheier, klaus, handbücher, sprach, kommunikationswissenschaft, 1516, 639109991, 011645, 1506, science, society, kipp, sandra, 016577, immigrant, blum, südasienforschung, 192, würzburg, ergon, 51961066, 89913, 253, yugoslavia, sprachpolitik, sprachnationalismus, republik, indien, dem, sozialistischen, jugoslawien, 575, 33981055, 014753, deutschland, österreich, schweiz, nationalen, hassan, 303, 261, actual, kòrsou, 99904, ortografia, lista, palabra, papiamentu, session, supreme, assembly, legislature, aug, bunis, judeoespañol, djudezmo, formación, rasgos, lingüísticos, estado, moderno, dworkin, steven, 565, 576, clearest, subverting, multilingual, clare, ideologies, policies, practices, palgrave, macmillan, 2006, paffey, owns, hispanic, 747, 764, mundo, theguardian, com, penny, ralph, whatever, might, claimed, valladolid, regularly, reflected, 78045, 199, change, thompson, kafadar, enisa, really, speak, henn, memmesheimer, beate, franz, joachim, frankfurt, peter, lang, 103, 699514676, 9783631599174, ordnung, differenzierung, diskurse, teil, wie, spricht, man, eigentlich, bosnien, herzegowina, facts, 430127, 3433041, 228222009, 754207802, 3406, slave, 6860, aujourd, hui, entre, politiques, faits, linguistiques, paul, louis, 325, 754204160, bosniaque, monténégrin, serbe, étude, langue, identité, europa, 451, 15295665w, 428012015, 2009473660, 929075, post, yugoslav, dispute, serbokroatische, linguistik, mit, einer, bibliographie, postjugoslavischen, sprachenstreit, gröschel, bernhard, golubović, biljana, raecke, jochen, sammelbände, sborniki, band, 102, 426566, 3434432, 244788988, 032, als, fremdsprachen, den, universitäten, nationale, pohl, dieter, 1996, serbokroatisch, rückblick, ausblick, looking, backward, forward, ohnheiser, ingeborg, innsbrucker, kulturwissenschaft, slavica, aenipontana, lieu, 219, 243829127, 85124, 180, wechselbeziehungen, slawischen, sprachen, literaturen, kulturen, vergangenheit, gegenwart, akten, tagung, aus, anlaß, 25jährigen, bestehens, instituts, für, slawistik, universität, mai, 166, 150383965, 1061308790, 2018048005, 313, 086, 9781108685795, layers, meaning, šipka, danko, ffzg, nsk, zanelli, aldo, studien, slavistik, hamburg, kovač, 935754, 1023608613, 8300, 9773, metaphors, eine, analyse, metaphern, kroatischen, linguistikfachzeitschrift, bis, 1st, pub, 2010, rotulus, universitas, durieux, 475567, 220918333, 15270636w, 729837512, 2011520778, 188, 311, 2139, 3467646, nacionalizam, bunčić, nationalisierung, nationalisation, kempgen, sebastian, 238795822, 007, internationalen, slavistenkongress, ohrid, 380, 347, brozović, dalibor, mørk, henning, arbejdspapirer, slavisk, institut, universitet, unpaginated, preface, 471591123, noun, morphology, serbokroatisk, grammatik, substantivets, morfologi, wetzels, leo, menuzzi, sergio, costa, joão, wiley, sons, published, website, says, equal, treatment, database, istilah, dedicated, documenting, bruneian, terminologies, mabbim, dewan, dan, pustaka, pusat, rujukan, persuratan, melayu, 417, 413, asmah, haji, omar, shaban, abdul, maharashtra, economic, weekly, protocol, usage, commission, protokoll, über, verwendung, spezifisch, österreichischer, ausdrücke, deutschen, rahmen, europäischen, 484, 499, øyvind, dahl, challenges, madagascar, idrc, crdi, december, evidence, katja, ploog, cnrs, editions, pour, approche, syntaxique, leitner, gerhard, 208, creating, timothy, riney, naoyuki, takagi, kumiko, inutsuka, parameters, perceptual, judgments, accent, listeners, sep, 2005, 441, 466, yuko, goto, butler, nonnative, teachers, young, dec, 731, 755, matthews, concise, crystal, blackwell, 125, 9781000395990, poulton, hugh, hurst, publishers, 116, 85065, macedonians, ucla, institute, profile, chen, ping, 64572, bradley, ramsey, robert, 1987, princeton, 691, 01468, 137, 29653, 136, jerry, esteve, valls, alecha, martijn, wieling, 11370, cc2f1ee4, 2db9, 439c, ae04, 8250a10cd031, hdl, 15304, elg, 9725, estudos, lingüística, galega, social, dialectometry, internal, border, effects, dum, tragut, jasmine, amsterdam, benjamins, xiii, 932596142, 9027238146, 271, 262, macrolanguage, digraphia, diasystem, binary, distribution, namibia, referred, division, stems, believed, artificially, similarize, originally, differed, grew, orthoepic, 1933, narkamaŭka, shkumbin, aruban, nature, obvious, governments, 1976, 1977, phonemic, etymological, recognised, netherlands, abc, suriname, priashiv, either, pannonian, lemko, prešov, rusyn, ukrainian, romance, subdivision, administrative, emergence, campidanese, logudorese, conglomerate, sardinian, during, unintelligible, unrecognised, territorial, specificity, istriot, friulian, piedmontese, lombard, italy, gallo, italian, prestigious, kabul, multitude, deal, rural, nynorsk, thailand, stark, actively, unity, laotian, very, conscious, media, strive, maintain, good, changed, continue, modified, tai, noi, isan, did, lexicon, dominated, canonical, texts, users, already, scattered, pronunciations, purpose, revived, discussion, ultimately, chosen, background, authentic, israeli, merger, interpretation, jewish, outside, haredim, temani, kurds, zaza, sorani, kurmanji, northeastern, permyak, zyrian, uralic, gaeilge, possibly, viewed, arisen, norm, via, manx, irish, write, names, accepted, 1978, grantha, letters, indian, avoid, follow, regarding, purism, pure, movement, books, poetry, speeches, broadcasts, everyday, online, messaging, movies, semantics, compile, diglossic, vast, reside, listed, aided, populations, planned, primary, eighth, schedule, puducherry, could, long, periods, geographical, separation, svealand, götaland, constitute, base, granted, recognition, continues, look, severely, endangered, elderly, countryside, gutnish, jamtlandic, elfdalian, regulated, realm, högsvenska, remaining, little, conservative, pronounce, phoneme, tones, characteristic, absent, monotonous, t͡ʃ, swede, finlandssvenska, academy, rio, plata, plate, distinguishable, bogotá, valued, clear, confused, latino, rolo, voseo, rioplatense, montevideo, buenos, aires, uruguay, argentina, globe, produced, largely, bilingual, latinos, americans, country, total, report, said, puts, ahead, 121, grouped, along, andalusian, andean, mexican, americas, canary, canarian, iberian, peninsula, shared, throughout, slightly, hinder, identified, extremely, czech, slovak, importantly, complete, understanding, makes, translation, teaching, impossible, chakavian, kajkavian, shtokavian, serbia, montenegro, croatia, são, tomé, bissau, creoles, asian, dual, approved, legislatures, details, grammatically, syntactic, unified, apart, varies, lusitanian, divergent, phonology, communication, previous, difficult, understand, better, vice, versa, heavy, soap, operas, ordering, dramatically, hampering, brazil, pronominal, reduplicated, galician, question, bukharian, bukhori, bukharan, afghan, traditionally, tajiki, order, increase, literacy, introduced, 1917, late, attempts, reintroduce, cyrillic, turkic, locally, dushanbe, kabuli, tehrani, afghanistan, cochin, saint, christians, karshoni, mappila, muslims, arabi, creolized, normative, lects, treat, single, parlance, thought, tongues, rights, reasons, nevertheless, retain, false, friends, whom, johor, riau, trade, creole, comparison, large, unit, culturally, medieval, then, distant, once, sanskritized, fijian, rajasthani, dogri, maithili, awadhi, braj, bhasha, delhi, hindavi, asymmetric, sheer, manual, theatres, radio, true, applied, public, occasions, tyrol, replacement, respective, means, cultural, traditions, culinary, differs, markedly, area, terminology, employed, food, items, incorporated, clearly, incomplete, scholarly, scepticism, dialectology, detect, osga, active, field, axiom, theodor, siebs, swiss, noted, denoted, sixty, caledonian, structure, kanak, vingt, vingts, soixante, nonante, octante, huitante, septante, evident, road, beltway, périphérique, rocade, cligner, walloon, blinquer, blinken, blink, wallonia, indigenous, ones, ports, located, francophone, emerged, fpa, entirety, benin, senegal, togo, burkina, faso, ouagadougou, lomé, dakar, cotonou, sub, saharan, populaire, africain, antananarivo, gabon, libreville, cameroon, yaoundé, douala, distinctions, derived, disappeared, entirely, rolled, heavier, above, shifted, harder, sounding, consonants, equally, oral, generations, adapted, 18th, centuries, contains, quirks, owing, settlers, northwest, fewer, drive, quite, longer, having, roots, québécois, vowel, greatly, brunswick, académie, française, angevin, poitevin, acadia, colonization, instance, highly, variable, method, neglected, controversy, over, fact, provides, monetary, support, nor, ratified, charter, minority, constitutional, council, scandinavian, oïl, haitian, rarely, overseas, exists, independent, kingdoms, 1707, subsections, acts, scotland, globalisation, resulting, spread, decades, becoming, increasingly, decentralised, daily, statewide, smaller, estimated, every, speaker, six, raising, questions, predominantly, rise, encouraged, resemble, client, polish, neutralize, filipinos, call, industry, philippines, philippine, predominate, colonies, west, indies, territory, off, dominate, falkland, constituent, completely, present, reduced, consider, nationalists, likely, entire, grouping, hostile, notion, autonomous, citizens, claim, hypothesis, bulgaro, simply, yet, fully, idea, unpopular, czechoslovak, paulician, torlakian, moesian, balkan, rup, greece, claims, consisting, inline, verifying, accession, irredentism, views, lack, initials, tʂʰ, places, distinguish, sibilants, tsʰ, similarly, codas, typically, avoided, absorbing, borrowing, hokkien, singaporean, hakka, erhua, apical, years, replaced, adopted, drawn, establishment, 1949, governing, became, huáyǔ, 普通话, pǔtōnghuà, beijing, mid, spoke
Text of the page (random words):
een the ethnic variants are extremely limited even when compared with those between closely related slavic languages such as standard czech and slovak bulgarian and macedonian and grammatical differences are even less pronounced more importantly complete understanding between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible 40 spanish edit main article spanish dialects and varieties spanish has both national and regional linguistic norms which vary in terms of vocabulary grammar and pronunciation but all varieties are mutually intelligible and the same orthographic rules are shared throughout 47 in spain standard spanish is based upon the speech of educated speakers from madrid 48 all varieties spoken in the iberian peninsula are grouped as peninsular spanish canarian spanish spoken in the canary islands along with spanish spoken in the americas including spanish spoken in the united states central american spanish mexican spanish andean spanish and caribbean spanish are particularly related to andalusian spanish the united states is now the world s second largest spanish speaking country after mexico in total number of speakers l1 and l2 speakers a report said there are 41 million l1 spanish speakers and another 11 6 million l2 speakers in the u s this puts the us ahead of colombia 48 million and spain 46 million and second only to mexico 121 million 49 50 the spanish of latin americans has a growing influence on the language across the globe through music culture and television produced using the language of the largely bilingual speech community of us latinos 51 52 53 in argentina and uruguay the spanish standard is based on the local dialects of buenos aires and montevideo this is known as rioplatense spanish from rio de la plata river plate and is distinguishable from other standard spanish dialects by voseo in colombia rolo a name for the dialect of bogotá is valued for its clear pronunciation 54 the judeo spanish also known as ladino not to be confused with latino spoken by sephardi jews can be found in israel and elsewhere it is usually considered a separate language 55 swedish edit two varieties exist citation needed though only one written standard remains regulated by the swedish academy of sweden rikssvenska literally realm swedish also less commonly known as högsvenska high swedish in finland the official language of sweden and finlandssvenska which alongside finnish is the other official language of finland there are differences in vocabulary and grammar with the variety used in finland remaining a little more conservative the most marked differences are in pronunciation and intonation whereas swedish speakers from sweden usually pronounce the so called tj sound as ɕ this phoneme is usually pronounced by a finland swede as t͡ʃ in addition the two tones that are characteristic of swedish and norwegian are absent from most finnish dialects of swedish which have an intonation reminiscent of finnish and thus sound more monotonous when compared to rikssvenska there are dialects that could be considered different languages due to long periods of isolation and geographical separation from the central dialects of svealand and götaland that came to constitute the base for the standard rikssvenska dialects such as elfdalian jamtlandic and gutnish all differ as much or more from standard swedish than the standard varieties of danish some of them have a standardized orthography but the swedish government has not granted any of them official recognition as regional languages and continues to look upon them as dialects of swedish most of them are severely endangered and spoken by elderly people in the countryside tamil edit the vast majority of tamil speakers reside in southern india where it is the official language of tamil nadu and of puducherry and one of 22 languages listed in the eighth schedule to the constitution of india it is also one of two official languages in sri lanka one of four official languages in singapore and is used as the medium of instruction in government aided tamil primary schools in malaysia other parts of the world have tamil speaking populations but are not loci of planned development 56 tamil is diglossic with the literary variant used in books poetry speeches and news broadcasts while the spoken variant is used in everyday speech online messaging and movies while there are significant differences in the standard spoken forms of the different countries the literary register is mostly uniform with some differences in semantics that are not perceived by native speakers there has been no attempt to compile a dictionary of sri lankan tamil 57 as a result of the pure tamil movement indian tamil tends to avoid loanwords to a greater extent than sri lankan tamil coinages of new technical terms also differ between the two 58 tamil policy in singapore and malaysia tends to follow that of tamil nadu regarding linguistic purism and technical coinages 59 there are some spelling differences particularly in the greater use of grantha letters to write loanwords and foreign names in sri lanka singapore and malaysia the tamil nadu script reform of 1978 has been accepted in singapore and malaysia but not sri lanka 60 others edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2022 learn how and when to remove this message standard irish gaeilge scottish gaelic and possibly manx can be viewed as three standards arisen through divergence from the classical gaelic norm via orthographic reforms komi a uralic language spoken in northeastern european russia has official standards for its komi zyrian and komi permyak dialects kurdish language has two main literary norms kurmanji northern kurdish and sorani central kurdish the zaza gorani languages spoken by some kurds are occasionally considered to be kurdish as well despite not being mutually intelligible citation needed for most of its history hebrew did not have a center the grammar and lexicon were dominated by the canonical texts but when the pronunciation was standardised for the first time its users were already scattered therefore three main forms of pronunciations developed particularly for the purpose of prayer ashkenazi sephardi and temani when hebrew was revived as a spoken language there was a discussion about which pronunciation should be used ultimately the sephardi pronunciation was chosen even though most of the speakers at the time were of ashkenazi background because it was considered more authentic the standard israeli pronunciation of today is not identical to the sephardi but is somewhat of a merger with ashkenazi influences and interpretation the ashkenazi pronunciation is still used in israel by haredim in prayer and by jewish communities outside of israel lao and isan the situation in thailand is in stark contrast to laos where the lao language is actively promoted as a language of national unity laotian lao people are very conscious of their distinct non thai language and although influenced by thai language media and culture strive to maintain good lao although spelling has changed the lao speakers in laos continue to use a modified form of the tai noi script the modern lao alphabet 61 norwegian consists of a multitude of spoken dialects displaying a great deal of variation in pronunciation and to a somewhat lesser extent vocabulary with no officially recognized standard spoken norwegian but see urban east norwegian all norwegian dialects are mutually intelligible to a certain extent there are two written standards bokmål book language based on danish danish and norwegian bokmål are mutually intelligible languages with significant differences primarily in pronunciation rather than vocabulary or grammar and nynorsk modern lit new norwegian based primarily on rural norwegian dialects pashto has three official standard varieties central pashto which is the most prestigious citation needed standard dialect also used in kabul northern pashto and southern pashto romance languages gallo italian languages include a great variety of dialects some mutually unintelligible and various written standards unrecognised both by italy and switzerland lombard piedmontese friulian and istriot orthographies exist with varying degrees of territorial specificity romanian in romania and that in moldova during the soviet era but nowadays romania and moldova use the same standard of romanian sardinian consists of a conglomerate of spoken dialects displaying a significant degree of variation in phonetics and sometimes vocabulary the spanish subdivision of sardinia into two administrative areas led to the emergence of two separate orthographies logudorese and campidanese as standardized varieties of the same language ukrainian and rusyn priashiv prešov lemko pannonian are either considered to be standardized varieties of the same language or separate languages dutch is considered pluricentric with recognised varieties in suriname abc islands belgium and the netherlands papiamento is pluricentric with two standardised orthographies one used on the island of aruba and the other on the islands of curaçao and bonaire the aruban orthography is more etymological in nature while the other is more phonemic among the differences between the two standards one obvious difference is the way the name of the language is written in aruba it is written papiament o while in curaçao and bonaire it is written papiament u the governments of curaçao and aruba formally standardised orthographic rules in 1976 and 1977 respectively 62 63 the albanian language has two main varieties gheg and tosk gheg is spoken to the north and tosk spoken to the south of the shkumbin river standard albanian is a standardised form of spoken albanian based on tosk the belarusian language features two orthographic standards official belarusian sometimes referred to as narkamaŭka and taraškievica also known as classical orthography the division stems from 1933 reform believed by some to be an attempt to artificially similarize belarusian and russian languages originally these standards differed only in written form but due to taraškievica being widely used among belarusian diaspora it grew some distinct orthoepic features as well as differences in vocabulary afrikaans varieties of south africa and namibia see also edit abstand and ausbau languages binary distribution dialect continuum diasystem diglossia digraphia language secessionism lingua franca macrolanguage mutual intelligibility standard language variety linguistics world language references edit stewart 1968 p 534 kloss 1967 p 31 clyne 1992 p 1 kordić 2024 p 169 clyne 1992 pp 1 3 1 2 clyne 1992 p 3 abd el jawad 1992 p 262 abd el jawad 1992 p 271 dum tragut jasmine 2009 armenian modern eastern armenian amsterdam john benjamins pp xiii 1 isbn 978 9027238146 oclc 932596142 esteve valls alecha martijn wieling 2024 towards a social dialectometry the analysis of internal border effects estudos de lingüística galega 16 1 27 doi 10 15304 elg 16 9725 hdl 11370 cc2f1ee4 2db9 439c ae04 8250a10cd031 1 2 norman jerry 1988 chinese cambridge cambridge university press pp 136 137 isbn 978 0 521 29653 3 ramsey s robert 1987 the languages of china princeton university press pp 3 15 isbn 978 0 691 01468 5 bradley david 1992 chinese as a pluricentric language in clyne michael g ed pluricentric languages differing norms in different nations walter de gruyter pp 305 324 isbn 978 3 11 012855 0 chen ping 1999 modern chinese history and sociolinguistics new york cambridge university press pp 46 49 isbn 978 0 521 64572 0 language profile macedonian archived 11 march 2009 at the wayback machine ucla international institute poulton hugh 2000 who are the macedonians c hurst co publishers p 116 isbn 978 1 85065 534 3 1 2 3 kamusella tomasz 17 june 2021 politics and the slavic languages routledge p 125 isbn 9781000395990 retrieved 23 august 2021 crystal david 2003 a dictionary of linguistics and phonetics blackwell matthews p h 2007 oxford concise dictionary of linguistics oxford university press yuko goto butler how are nonnative english speaking teachers perceived by young learners tesol quarterly vol 41 no 4 dec 2007 pp 731 755 timothy j riney naoyuki takagi kumiko inutsuka phonetic parameters and perceptual judgments of accent in english by american and japanese listeners tesol quarterly vol 39 no 3 sep 2005 pp 441 466 dollinger stefan 2019 creating canadian english cambridge university press cambridge uk 18 leitner gerhard 1992 clyne michael ed english as a pluricentric language berlin mouton p 208 in french le français à abidjan pour une approche syntaxique du non standard archived 2016 01 20 at the wayback machine by katja ploog cnrs editions paris 2002 evidence from the democratic republic of the congo pdf idrc crdi retrieved 21 december 2024 øyvind dahl linguistic policy challenges in madagascar pdf ammon 1995 pp 484 499 protokoll nr 10 über die verwendung spezifisch österreichischer ausdrücke der deutschen sprache im rahmen der europäischen union protocol number 10 on the usage of specific austrian terms of the german language within the european union pdf in german european commission archived from the original pdf on 5 march 2016 retrieved 13 november 2015 shaban abdul urdu and urdu medium schools in maharashtra economic political weekly 50 29 2015 47 asmah haji omar 1992 malay as a pluricentric language pp 413 417 in clyne 1992 cite book cs1 maint postscript link an example of equal treatment of malaysian and indonesian the pusat rujukan persuratan melayu database from the dewan bahasa dan pustaka has a istilah mabbim section dedicated to documenting malaysian indonesian and bruneian official terminologies see example tajikistan to use persian alphabet iranian website says tajikistan news asia plus published 3 may 2008 retrieved 9 april 2019 1 2 wetzels w leo menuzzi sergio costa joão 7 april 2016 the handbook of portuguese linguistics john wiley sons kordić 2024 p 168 169 mørk henning 2002 serbokroatisk grammatik substantivets morfologi serbo croatian grammar noun morphology arbejdspapirer vol 1 in danish århus slavisk institut århus universitet p unpaginated preface oclc 471591123 brozović dalibor 1992 serbo croatian as a pluricentric language in clyne michael g ed pluricentric languages differing norms in different nations contributions to the sociology of language 62 berlin new york mouton de gruyter pp 347 380 isbn 3 11 012855 1 oclc 24668375 retrieved 2 august 2012 bunčić daniel 2008 die re nationalisierung der serbokroatischen standards the re nationalisation of serbo croatian standards in kempgen sebastian ed deutsche beiträge zum 14 internationalen slavistenkongress ohrid 2008 welt der slaven in german munich otto sagner p 93 isbn 978 3 86688 007 8 oclc 238795822 önb 1 2 kordić ...
|
