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of them british from the cape colony to the south african republic sar an independent boer republic as they were permitted to vote only after 14 years residence they protested to the british authorities in the cape negotiations failed at the botched bloemfontein conference in june 1899 the conflict broke out in october after the british government decided to send 10 000 troops 13 the war had three phases in the first the boers mounted preemptive strikes into british held territory in natal and the cape colony besieging british garrisons at ladysmith mafeking and kimberley the boers won victories at stormberg magersfontein colenso and spion kop in the second phase british fortunes changed when their commanding officer general redvers buller was replaced by lord roberts and lord kitchener who relieved the besieged cities and invaded the boer republics at the head of a 180 000 strong expeditionary force the boers aware that they were unable to resist such a force refrained from fighting pitched battles thereby allowing the british to occupy both republics and their capitals 14 15 16 boer politicians fled or went into hiding the british annexed the two republics in 1900 in britain the conservative ministry attempted to capitalise by calling an early general election dubbed a khaki election in the third phase boer fighters launched a guerrilla campaign they used hit and run attacks and ambushes against the british for two years 17 18 the guerrilla campaign proved difficult for the british to defeat due to unfamiliarity with tactics and support among civilians british high command ordered scorched earth policies as part of a counterinsurgency campaign over 100 000 boer civilians were forcibly relocated into concentration camps where 26 000 died by starvation and disease 19 439 495 native africans were interned to prevent them from supplying the boers 20 000 died 20 british mounted infantry were deployed to track down guerrillas and few combatants were killed in action most dying from disease kitchener offered terms to remaining boer leaders to end the conflict eager to ensure boers were released from the camps most boer commanders accepted the terms in the treaty of vereeniging surrendering in may 1902 21 22 the former republics were transformed into the british colonies of the transvaal and orange river and in 1910 were merged with the natal and cape colonies to form the union of south africa a self governing colony within the british empire 23 british expeditionary efforts were aided significantly by colonial forces from the cape colony the natal rhodesia 24 and many volunteers from the british empire native african recruits contributed increasingly to the british effort international public opinion was sympathetic to the boers and hostile to the british even within the uk there existed significant opposition to the war as a result the boer cause attracted volunteers from neutral countries including the german empire the united states russia and parts of the british empire such as australia and ireland 25 some consider the war the beginning of questioning the british empire s global dominance due to the war s surprising duration and unforeseen losses suffered by the british 26 a trial for british war crimes including the killings of civilians and prisoners of war was opened in january 1902 the war had a lasting effect on the region and on british domestic politics name edit a typical british soldier corporal alexander turnbull of kitchener s fighting scouts the conflict is commonly referred to simply as the boer war because the first boer war 1880 81 was much smaller boer meaning farmer is the common name for afrikaans speaking white south africans descended from the dutch east india company s settlers at the cape of good hope among some south africans it is known as the second anglo boer war in afrikaans it is called the tweede vryheidsoorlog second freedom war tweede boereoorlog second boer war anglo boereoorlog anglo boer war or engelse oorlog english war 27 in south africa it is officially called the south african war 28 according to a 2011 bbc report most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899 1902 the south african war thereby acknowledging that all south africans white and black were affected by the war and that many were participants 29 origins edit the war s origins were complex and stemmed from a century of conflict between the boers and britain of immediate importance however was the question of who would control and benefit most from the lucrative witwatersrand gold mines 19 xxi discovered in 1884 european settlement edit the first european settlement in south africa was founded at the cape of good hope in 1652 and administered as part of the dutch cape colony 30 as a result of political turmoil in the netherlands the british occupied the cape three times during the napoleonic wars and the occupation became permanent after the battle of blaauwberg in 1806 31 the colony was then home to about 26 000 colonists settled under dutch rule 32 most represented old dutch families brought to the cape during the late 17th and early 18th centuries 33 broadly speaking the colonists included distinct subgroups including the boers 34 the boers were itinerant farmers who lived on the colony s frontiers seeking better pastures for their livestock 35 many were dissatisfied with aspects of british administration in particular with britain s abolition of slavery in 1834 boers who used forced labor were unable to collect compensation for their slaves 36 between 1836 and 1852 many elected to migrate away from british rule in what became known as the great trek 31 around 15 000 trekking boers departed the cape colony and followed the eastern coast towards natal after britain annexed natal in 1843 they journeyed farther north into south africa s eastern interior there they established two independent boer republics the south african republic 1852 also known as the transvaal republic and the orange free state 1854 citation needed scramble for africa edit further information scramble for africa boer victory over the british at the battle of majuba hill first boer war 1881 the southern part of africa was dominated in the 19th century by a set of struggles to create within it a single unified state in 1868 britain annexed basutoland in the drakensberg mountains following an appeal from moshoeshoe i the king of the sotho people who sought british protection against the boers while the berlin conference of 1884 1885 sought to draw boundaries between the european powers african possessions it also set the stage for further scrambles britain attempted to annex first the south african republic in 1880 and then in 1899 both the south african republic and the orange free state in the 1880s bechuanaland modern botswana became the object of a dispute between the germans to the west the boers to the east and britain s cape colony to the south although bechuanaland had no economic value the missionaries road passed through it towards territory farther north after the germans annexed damaraland and namaqualand modern namibia in 1884 britain annexed bechuanaland in 1885 citation needed in the first boer war of 1880 1881 the boers of the transvaal republic proved skilful fighters in resisting britain s attempt at annexation causing a series of british defeats the british government of william ewart gladstone was unwilling to become mired in a distant war requiring substantial troop reinforcement and expense for what was perceived at the time to be a minimal return an armistice ended the war and subsequently a peace treaty was signed with the transvaal president paul kruger witwatersrand gold rush edit main article witwatersrand gold rush in june 1884 british imperial interests were ignited in the discovery by jan gerrit bantjes of what would prove to be the world s largest deposit of gold ore at an outcrop on a ridge 69 km 43 mi south of the boer capital at pretoria the ridge was known locally as the witwatersrand white water ridge a watershed a gold rush to the transvaal brought thousands of british and other prospectors from around the globe and over the border from the cape colony which had been under british control since 1806 gold production on the witwatersrand 1898 to 1910 37 year no of mines gold output fine ounces value relative 2024 value 38 1898 77 4 295 608 15 141 376 2 105 000 000 1899 jan oct 85 3 946 545 14 046 686 1 952 000 000 1899 nov 1901 apr 12 574 043 2 024 278 281 000 000 1901 may dec 12 238 994 1 014 687 141 000 000 1902 45 1 690 100 7 179 074 998 000 000 1903 56 2 859 482 12 146 307 1 688 000 000 1904 62 3 658 241 15 539 219 2 160 000 000 1905 68 4 706 433 19 991 658 2 779 000 000 the city of johannesburg sprang up nearly overnight as a shanty town uitlanders foreigners white outsiders poured in and settled around the mines the influx was so rapid that uitlanders quickly outnumbered the boers in johannesburg and along the rand although they remained a minority in the transvaal the boers nervous and resentful of the uitlanders growing presence sought to contain their influence through requiring lengthy residential qualifying periods before voting rights could be obtained by imposing taxes on the gold industry and introducing controls through licensing tariffs and administrative requirements among the issues giving rise to tension between the transvaal government on the one hand and the uitlanders and british interests on the other were established uitlanders including the mining magnates wanted political social and economic control over their lives these rights included a stable constitution a fair franchise law an independent judiciary and a better educational system the boers recognised that the more concessions they made to the uitlanders the greater the likelihood with approximately 30 000 white male boer voters and potentially 60 000 white male uitlanders that their independent control of the transvaal would be lost and the territory absorbed into the british empire the uitlanders resented the taxes levied by the transvaal government particularly when this was not spent on johannesburg or uitlander interests but diverted to projects elsewhere in the transvaal for example as the gold bearing ore sloped away from the outcrop underground to the south more and more blasting was necessary to extract it and mines consumed vast quantities of explosives a box of dynamite costing five pounds included five shillings tax not only was this tax perceived as exorbitant but british interests were offended when president paul kruger gave monopoly rights for the manufacture of the explosive to a non british branch of the nobel company which infuriated britain 39 the so called dynamite monopoly became a casus belli british imperial interests were alarmed when in 1894 95 kruger proposed building a railway through portuguese east africa to delagoa bay bypassing british controlled ports in natal and cape town and avoiding british tariffs 40 the prime minister of the cape colony was cecil rhodes a man driven by a vision of a british controlled africa extending from the cape to cairo uitlander representatives and british mine owners became increasingly frustrated and angered by their dealings with the transvaal government a reform committee transvaal was formed to represent the uitlanders jameson raid edit main article jameson raid a sketch showing the arrest of leander starr jameson after the failed jameson raid in 1896 in 1895 a plan to take johannesburg and end the control of the transvaal government was hatched with the connivance of cape prime minister rhodes and johannesburg gold magnate alfred beit a column of 600 armed men was led over the border from bechuanaland towards johannesburg by leander starr jameson the administrator in rhodesia of the british south africa company of which rhodes was the chairman the column mainly made up of rhodesian and bechuanaland british south africa policemen was equipped with maxim machine guns and artillery pieces the plan was to make a three day dash to johannesburg and trigger an uprising by the primarily british expatriate uitlanders organised by the johannesburg reform committee before the boer commandos could mobilise however the transvaal authorities had warning of the raid and tracked it from when it crossed the border four days later the dispirited column was surrounded near krugersdorp within sight of johannesburg after a skirmish in which the column lost 65 killed and wounded while the boers lost one man jameson s men surrendered and were arrested 19 1 5 the botched raid had repercussions throughout southern africa and europe in rhodesia the departure of so many policemen enabled the matabele and mashona peoples rising against the british south africa company the rebellion known as the second matabele war was suppressed only at a great cost a few days after the raid the german kaiser sent the kruger telegram congratulating president kruger and the government of the south african republic on their success when the text was disclosed in the british press it generated a storm of anti german feeling in the baggage of the raiding column to the embarrassment of britain the boers found telegrams from rhodes and other plotters in johannesburg chamberlain had approved rhodes plans to send armed assistance in the case of a johannesburg uprising but he quickly moved to condemn the raid rhodes was censured at the cape and london parliamentary inquiries and forced to resign as prime minister and chairman of the british south africa company the boer government handed their prisoners over to the british for trial jameson was tried in england where the press and london society inflamed by anti boer and anti german feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism treated him as a hero although sentenced to 15 months imprisonment jameson was rewarded by being named prime minister of the cape colony 1904 08 and ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the union of south africa for conspiring with jameson the uitlander members of the reform committee transvaal were tried in the transvaal courts and found guilty of treason the four leaders were sentenced to death but this was commuted to 15 years imprisonment in 1896 the other members of the committee were released on payment of 2 000 in fines all paid by rhodes one reform committee member frederick gray committed suicide while in pretoria jail his death was a factor in softening the transvaal government s attitude to the surviving prisoners jan c smuts wrote in 1906 the jameson raid was the real declaration of war and that is so in spite of the four years of truce that followed the aggressors consolidated their alliance the defenders on the other hand silently and grimly prepared for the inevitable 19 9 the raid alienated many cape afrikaners from britain and united the transvaal boers behind president kruger and his government it drew the transvaal and orange fre...
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