Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
speyer, cathedral, the, of, dimensions, contents, history, and, architecture, features, surroundings, german, postage, stamps, featuring, see, also, references, external, links, middle, ages, modern, era, fragment, codex, argenteus, present, condition, world, heritage, site, crypt, chapels, bells, heidentürmchen, heath, tower, hall, antiques, antikenhalle,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (537), and (172), cathedral (98), speyer (77), was (67), with (59), from (40), were (35), romanesque (29), #architecture (25), saint (24), church (23), edit (23), which (22), roman (21), oxford (18), germany (17), nave (17), german (16), mary (16), chapel (16), its (15), building (15), for (15), original (15), henry (15), sites (14), world (14), medieval (14), great (14), isbn (14), century (13), buildings (13), early (13), archived (13), but (13), heritage (12), around (12), western (12), press (12), one (12), had (12), died (12), site (11), retrieved (11), other (11), king (11), university (11), crypt (11), east (11), this (10), conrad (10), churches (10), shared (10), town (10), height (10), also (10), britain (10), gallery (10), his (10), are (10), wikipedia (9), all (9), holy (9), catholic (9), house (9), park (9), our (9), lady (9), has (9), stalley (9), roger (9), 1999 (9), 210048 (9), gothic (9), style (9), two (9), eastern (9), been (9), that (9), interior (9), emperor (8), imperial (8), berlin (8), spires (8), westwork (8), system (8), wall (8), end (8), between (8), after (8), exterior (8), bells (8), largest (8), during (8), many (8), only (8), page (7), articles (7), empire (7), north (7), worms (7), art (7), see (7), list (7), unesco (7), bishop (7), northern (7), side (7), most (7), into (7), history (7), towers (7), baroque (7), son (7), under (6), september (6), links (6), 11th (6), domes (6), basilica (6), palatinate (6), place (6), national (6), europe (6), rhine (6), dessau (6), city (6), monuments (6), square (6), hall (6), external (6), new (6), march (6), high (6), features (6), each (6), removed (6), apse (6), bell (6), double (6), time (6), construction (6), iii (6), design (6), 19th (6), important (6), main (6), these (6), toggle (5), contents (5), view (5), text (5), using (5), wikidata (5), april (5), wayback (5), burial (5), rhineland (5), completed (5), italy (5), roßlau (5), 2009 (5), mainz (5), residence (5), ludwig (5), architectural (5), der (5), english (5), codex (5), 2006 (5), 1981 (5), major (5), marian (5), mount (5), dwarf (5), some (5), used (5), south (5), french (5), length (5), vaults (5), width (5), aisles (5), dimensions (5), chapels (5), their (5), pope (5), restored (5), centuries (5), emperors (5), both (5), vaulted (5), structure (5), development (5), metres (5), search (4), commons (4), pages (4), february (4), salian (4), habsburg (4), 1061 (4), monument (4), united (4), france (4), austria (4), section (4), upper (4), middle (4), several (4), castle (4), stone (4), weimar (4), bauhaus (4), museum (4), lower (4), bremen (4), bavaria (4), kaiserdom (4), information (4), machine (4), und (4), vol (4), more (4), argenteus (4), bay (4), von (4), december (4), portal (4), mother (4), fátima (4), queen (4), virgin (4), part (4), surroundings (4), later (4), war (4), heidentürmchen (4), tower (4), 1689 (4), roof (4), five (4), dome (4), added (4), already (4), afra (4), 1106 (4), when (4), catherine (4), over (4), became (4), groin (4), sandstone (4), era (4), below (4), towards (4), addition (4), form (4), vault (4), appearance (4), windows (4), westwerk (4), plan (4), walls (4), graves (4), kings (4), considered (4), wife (4), eight (4), 1030 (4), begun (4), 3172 (4), 4424 (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), may (3), wikimedia (3), foundation (3), use (3), last (3), language (3), 1911 (3), britannica (3), without (3), description (3), cathedrals (3), czech (3), republic (3), states (3), international (3), belgium (3), switzerland (3), denmark (3), poland (3), kingdom (3), limes (3), frontiers (3), old (3), synagogue (3), bernau (3), bei (3), complex (3), death (3), saxony (3), spa (3), towns (3), schwerin (3), michael (3), water (3), abbey (3), palaces (3), large (3), settlement (3), bamberg (3), baden (3), modern (3), movement (3), cave (3), official (3), romanik (3), verlag (3), dombauverein (3), website (3), related (3), domkirche (3), maria (3), stephan (3), fragment (3), november (3), society (3), january (3), little (3), assumption (3), hail (3), hymns (3), prayers (3), antikenhalle (3), olives (3), polychrome (3), built (3), area (3), neo (3), today (3), heath (3), bowl (3), known (3), while (3), destroyed (3), fire (3), ruins (3), cloister (3), create (3), open (3), example (3), seen (3), sculptural (3), west (3), internal (3), 134 (3), joseph (3), four (3), they (3), there (3), discovered (3), restoration (3), established (3), top (3), emmeram (3), chancel (3), consecrated (3), simple (3), typical (3), result (3), those (3), 1858 (3), stages (3), restorations (3), johann (3), schraudolph (3), openings (3), bays (3), thus (3), arcade (3), contains (3), size (3), red (3), such (3), have (3), showing (3), front (3), leaf (3), transept (3), choir (3), replaced (3), changes (3), remained (3), paintings (3), central (3), aisle (3), altar (3), lost (3), rulers (3), not (3), elevated (3), prince (3), down (3), years (3), ruler (3), second (3), drawing (3), power (3), blind (3), along (3), cluny (3), stephen (3), tools (3), subsection (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), non (2), hidden (2), categories (2), link (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), 2020 (2), incorporating (2), encyclopædia (2), citation (2), reference (2), coordinates (2), short (2), 2024 (2), family (2), 1060s (2), title (2), yale (2), slovakia (2), spain (2), slovenia (2), sea (2), natural (2), valley (2), alps (2), erfurt (2), mikveh (2), classical (2), horn (2), saints (2), garden (2), mountain (2), region (2), bad (2), cemetery (2), court (2), peter (2), aachen (2), historic (2), hildesheim (2), management (2), parks (2), potsdam (2), island (2), falkenberg (2), carl (2), legien (2), augsburg (2), palace (2), stuttgart (2), outstanding (2), age (2), chapter (2), full (2), public (2), now (2), für (2), 1971 (2), june (2), 2023 (2), 139 (2), 2008 (2), 2007 (2), 217 (2), august (2), encyclopedia (2), architektur (2), general (2), special (2), council (2), october (2), body (2), immaculate (2), conception (2), name (2), god (2), three (2), veneration (2), apostolate (2), rosary (2), army (2), marist (2), fathers (2), societies (2), seven (2), sorrows (2), first (2), devotional (2), practices (2), good (2), titles (2), series (2), references (2), postal (2), stamp (2), 1961 (2), needed (2), postage (2), stamps (2), featuring (2), domnapf (2), arches (2), small (2), purpose (2), prussian (2), displayed (2), wars (2), antiques (2), fortifications (2), once (2), stood (2), right (2), very (2), plateau (2), adjoined (2), called (2), episcopal (2), left (2), order (2), inside (2), dedicated (2), originally (2), centre (2), former (2), can (2), vertex (2), total (2), steps (2), entrance (2), 1650 (2), composed (2), nine (2), always (2), smallest (2), every (2), hour (2), succession (2), number (2), agnes (2), named (2), christian (2), her (2), because (2), day (2), buried (2), 1111 (2), revoked (2), since (2), found (2), 500 (2), well (2), daughter (2), opening (2), level (2), crypts (2), semi (2), standard (2), monumental (2), cushion (2), capitals (2), blocks (2), alternate (2), colour (2), yellow (2), rust (2), staufer (2), facade (2), detail (2), culturally (2), icomos (2), virtue (2), made (2), reconstruction (2), undergone (2), fundamental (2), wide (2), shafts (2), formed (2), although (2), surfaces (2), depicting (2), life (2), clerestory (2), unified (2), roofline (2), same (2), type (2), octagonal (2), copper (2), feature (2), tall (2), still (2), overall (2), set (2), generally (2), adopted (2), crossing (2), apsidal (2), present (2), condition (2), final (2), placed (2), course (2), location (2), historical (2), decorations (2), created (2), heinrich (2), hübsch (2), architect (2), then (2), albert (2), edward (2), alexandra (2), vii (2), 1815 (2), 1854 (2), covered (2), vienna (2), occupied (2), troops (2), pillaged (2), soldiers (2), came (2), before (2), 1750 (2), revealing (2), damage (2), almost (2), neumann (2), remaining (2), whole (2), build (2), people (2), bishops (2), 1610 (2), everything (2), them (2), elements (2), resting (2), wives (2), crowned (2), relations (2), 1308 (2), rudolph (2), frederick (2), barbarossa (2), 1056 (2), 1039 (2), put (2), rest (2), window (2), feet (2), political (2), laid (2), claim (2), magnificence (2), symbol (2), arcades (2), contemporary (2), impression (2), 1090 (2), ambitious (2), flat (2), wooden (2), ceiling (2), loire (2), culmination (2), extremely (2), influential (2), subsequent (2), 12th (2), mountains (2), ages (2), latin (2), diocese (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), article (2), norsk (2), беларуская (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, kartographer, extension, sources, encyclopaedia, wikisource, webarchive, template, infobox, mapframe, shape, containing, different, gadget, wikiminiatlas, dmy, dates, hohenstaufen, dynasty, structures, establishments, https, org, index, php, speyer_cathedral, oldid, 1372644548, lux, kulturenvanteri, musicbrainz, structurae, geographic, israel, latvia, gnd, viaf, authority, control, databases, japan, india, argentina, czechia, netherlands, ukraine, romania, macedonia, croatia, bulgaria, bosnia, herzegovina, albania, wadden, messel, pit, fossil, müritz, serrahn, kellerwald, edersee, jasmund, hainich, grumsiner, forst, redernswalde, ancient, primeval, beech, forests, carpathians, regions, prehistoric, pile, dwellings, germanic, rhaetian, wartburg, jewish, kunstschulgebäude, kunstgewerbeschule, haus, thuringia, hanseatic, lübeck, danevirke, hedeby, archaeological, border, schleswig, holstein, naumburg, melanchthonhaus, lutherhaus, augusteum, wittenberg, birth, eisleben, luther, memorials, wörlitz, quedlinburg, collegiate, meisterhäuser, törten, laubenganghäuser, prellerhaus, anhalt, muskau, muskauer, mużakowski, herrnhut, moravian, settlements, ore, erzgebirge, krušnohoří, mining, delisted, dresden, elbe, völklingen, ironworks, saarland, ems, judensand, heiliger, sand, raschi, beith, schalom, schpira, jewry, shum, triers, zollverein, coal, mine, industrial, essen, cologne, castles, augustusburg, falkenlust, brühl, carolingian, civitas, corvey, westphalia, others, ensemble, wismar, stralsund, centres, mecklenburg, pomerania, harz, goslar, mines, rammelsberg, fagus, factory, alfeld, darmstadt, mathilde, mathildenhöhe, kassel, bergpark, wilhelmshöhe, altenmünster, lorsch, hesse, chilehaus, kontorhaus, district, speicherstadt, hamburg, market, roland, adgb, trade, union, school, brandenburg, museumsinsel, white, weiße, stadt, uncle, tom, hut, onkel, toms, hütte, siemens, großsiedlung, siemensstadt, schiller, siedlung, schillerpark, horseshoe, hufeisensiedlung, gartenstadt, residential, wohnstadt, modernism, housing, estates, würzburg, gardens, neuschwanstein, linderhof, schachen, herrenchiemsee, kissingen, pilgrimage, wies, regensburg, stadtamhof, margravial, opera, bayreuth, danube, segment, weissenhof, estate, work, corbusier, contribution, monastic, reichenau, maulbronn, monastery, vogelherd, sirgenstein, hohler, fels, hohlenstein, stadel, geißenklösterle, bockstein, caves, ice, swabian, jura, württemberg, names, thieme, sommer, wolfe, das, große, buch, stile, band, die, reinhard, welz, vermittler, mannheim, 2005, scan, christianity, 938622, 360, panorama, images, virtuell, tourism, 2019, association, pictures, date, media, cambridge, 694, 693, chisholm, hugh, domain, incorporates, publication, preceding, sentences, 151, 152, stutz, elfiede, ein, gotisches, evangelienfragment, zeitschrift, vergleichende, sprachforschung, volume, rlp, digital, fotografie, des, 2013, ruma, kaiser, mariendom, 197, 198, 211, radding, charles, clark, william, learning, builders, masters, haven, london, 1992, quoting, origins, mediaeval, journal, historians, 1958, 300, 04918, 192, 193, 2014, july, ninemsn, encarta, schlickel, ferdinand, den, saliern, bis, heute, 1000, jahre, stadtgeschichte, 2000, hermann, klein, verlg, 921797, welterbestätten, deutschland, dethard, winterfeld, 2001, rhein, 2015, zahlen, namen, fakten, besonders, eilige, com, 2021, infoplease, 214, 215, oursel, raymond, stierlin, henri, benedikt, taschen, editions, office, livre, lausanne, 129, welt, cole, emily, editor, bulfinch, brown, 2002, boston, usa, 8212, 2774, 2016, bauwerk, deutscher, taschenbuch, munich, 423, 03021, dtv, atlas, zur, baukunst, máté, akadémiai, kiadó, budapest, 1979, edition, 1988, geschichte, convention, advisory, evaluation, home, presentation, nativity, annunciation, candlemas, key, feast, days, dowry, walsingham, miraculous, medal, lourdes, salette, knock, guadalupe, secrets, approved, widespread, liturgical, endorsed, apparitions, angels, fatima, priests, makers, mariological, blue, legion, schoenstatt, brothers, marianists, company, montfort, congregation, sodality, movements, marys, joys, saturdays, consecration, acts, reparation, sub, tuum, praesidium, memorare, grace, magnificat, immaculata, prayer, gold, flos, carmeli, angelus, mercy, untier, knots, refuge, sinners, refugium, peccatorum, heaven, star, victory, peace, carmel, counsel, mediatrix, theotokos, consecrations, entrustments, antiphons, overview, 1675, bartolomé, esteban, murillo, mariology, tallest, regional, characteristics, commemorating, 900th, anniversary, 1924, findings, erected, turned, out, too, intended, cannons, captured, franco, 1870, memorial, fallen, remainder, situated, edge, marshy, lit, formerly, marked, boundary, municipal, territories, election, fill, wine, burghers, emptied, health, sculpture, rubble, 1820, space, fitted, prevent, further, deterioration, sculptures, supplemented, local, sculptor, gottfried, renn, archangel, surrounded, numerous, palatial, nearby, rectory, archives, nikolaus, etc, disappeared, revolution, outline, pavement, group, otto, 312, pirmin, 440, anne, 494, 601, 115, 600, matthaeus, chandelle, 147, ludovicus, carolus, 175, 2600, friderica, wilhelmina, carolina, 208, 5350, maximilianus, josephus, weight, diameter, nominal, peal, larger, cast, 1822, lindemann, smaller, ones, 1963, contained, belfry, located, numbered, serve, clock, chime, alternately, quarter, strike, bourdon, tenor, heidelberg, friedrich, wilhelm, schilling, zweibrücken, initially, matthias, rammung, 1475, 18th, bernard, paul, martyr, honour, born, commemoration, remains, 1064, unconsecrated, paschalis, ban, effect, 1088, works, parchment, written, tabernacle, wulfila, bible, southern, doppelkapelle, concept, dating, back, charlemagne, commonly, started, 1050, occasion, birthday, state, connected, through, baptistery, fourteen, helpers, alexandria, martin, bottom, developed, tiny, chambers, subterranean, articulated, forms, sometimes, extending, transepts, 1041, columned, approx, forty, supported, twenty, cylindrical, columns, providing, context, scheme, clarity, quite, exceptional, precise, execution, base, moldings, together, emphatic, transverse, 149, 850, layout, justified, inclusion, mayence, proportions, linked, salic, cites, demonstrating, evolution, attitudes, 17th, 1778, 1756, recently, cost, million, euros, frescos, 1950s, kaisersaal, internally, circular, piers, attached, shaft, carrying, arch, plastered, plasterwork, expanse, masonry, colourful, murals, regularity, earliest, goes, entire, just, adorns, match, paired, being, slightly, ovoid, surmounted, rhenish, helm, roofed, weathered, pale, green, contrast, pinkish, colonnaded, terminates, elaborate, including, ends, externally, silhouette, balanced, pairs, frame, mass, creating, equilibrium, majority, renovations, supporting, changing, greatly, maintained, despite, substantial, losses, fabric, successive, presents, complete, broadly, follows, comprised, domed, terminated, horizontal, orientation, points, encircling, 1970, translation, renovation, box, authentic, 1859, immuring, sides, verses, gospel, mark, relics, gospels, testament, gables, etchings, examples, undone, enforcements, structural, reasons, additionally, curved, beginning, 1957, directed, securing, recreating, atmosphere, plaster, cycle, scenes, preserved, knowledge, exact, big, excavation, campaign, 1900, opened, identity, clothing, near, coffins, relocated, newly, constructed, 1906, feat, opinion, nothing, greater, than, yet, start, 20th, mood, changed, 1916, historian, convinced, among, misfortunes, befall, alterations, georg, dehio, designing, façade, drew, scaling, differently, introducing, gable, row, statues, stonework, coincided, nationalism, romanticism, historicism, 1861, wales, who, would, become, met, princess, passed, behest, schwarzmann, decorated, nazarene, frescoes, 1846, 1853, successor, resembling, restoring, roofs, lowered, sacristy, kept, slate, organist, 1839, 1843, eduard, rottmanner, maximilian, congress, 1792, again, revolutionary, 1803, stable, storage, facility, fodder, material, 1806, planned, tear, quarry, solely, prevented, colmar, victories, russian, armies, battles, grossgörschen, lützen, 1813, 000, wounded, battle, leipzig, even, hospital, napoleon, napoleonic, caused, secured, services, direction, franz, ignaz, renowned, 1748, 1772, reconstructed, rebuilt, funds, sufficient, rebuild, balthasar, hostility, decided, bruchsal, château, sketch, wiener, zeichnung, repeatedly, ransacked, survived, 1618, 1648, 1688, brought, furniture, possessions, stacking, hoping, save, marauding, broke, alight, burned, heat, collapsed, late, louis, xiv, thirty, note, however, receive, imperator, romanum, strained, popes, refused, crown, essentially, uncrowned, 1298, adolph, nassau, 1291, 1208, philipp, swabia, 1184, beatrice, 1125, 1087, bertha, 1043, gisela, completing, 1606, following, relatively, unchanged, another, latter, absent, expanded, year, 444, 111, issue, enlargement, village, inhabitants, blunt, provocation, papacy, secular, ecclesiastical, splendour, underlined, bold, demand, strong, motive, representative, light, continuing, struggle, excommunication, investiture, controversy, gregory, modifications, equipped, arcaded, recessed, thickness, extensively, lining, memorable, pieces, encircles, underlining, rounded, runs, soon, element, façades, emerged, prime, period, flanking, combined, manner, surpassing, anything, done, edges, rise, within, combination, remain, independent, model, unsurpassed, details, functioning, support, copied, incorporation, possible, weakening, albeit, stark, prismatic, compared, conveys, singularly, appropriate, pretensions, gravitas, cardona, sant, vicenç, grandson, conducted, enlarge, sections, demolished, foundations, reinforced, depth, floors, intact, achievements, extends, elevation, pier, enlarged, adding, broad, pilaster, buttressing, engaged, appeared, where, technique, spread, normandy, loches, auxerre, benoît, sur, dosseret, nearly, phase, consists, adjoining, flanked, round, rectangular, outside, making, stunning, outcome, 1025, ordered, supposed, began, safe, 1075, 1085, 1093, project, thought, shipped, channelled, stream, running, neither, nor, next, him, speyerbach, palatine, forest, durham, santiago, compostela, looking, vaulting, 1103, imposing, triple, aisled, regarded, turning, point, european, finest, officially, religious, seat, patron, patrona, spirensis, raised, rank, minor, 1925, pius, archdiocese, suffragan, domus, sanctae, mariae, spirae, 558, acres, property, america, 168, 5th, session, designated, criteria, cultural, karl, heinz, wiesemann, clergy, administration, designation, functional, status, founder, founded, www, dom, sui, iuris, denomination, country, free, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, permanent, what, here, actions, talk, tiếng, việt, українська, türkçe, svenska, seeltersk, српски, srpski, slovenščina, slovenčina, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, русский, română, português, پنجابی, polski, pälzisch, deitsch, bokmål, nynorsk, nederlands, မြန်မာဘာသာ, malti, македонски, lietuvių, latina, 한국어, ქართული, 日本語, italiano, bahasa, indonesia, արեւմտահայերէն, հայերեն, magyar, hrvatski, עברית, frysk, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, dansk, čeština, català, bosanski, български, тарашкевіца, مصرى, العربية, afrikaans
Text of the page (random words):
nd runs all around the structure below the roofline this feature soon became a fundamental element in romanesque churches 24 it was adopted at worms cathedral and mainz cathedral and on the façades of many churches in italy see detail in gallery below the cathedral re emerged in a more sculptural style typical of the prime of the romanesque period 17 the transept the square of the choir the apse the central tower and the flanking towers were combined in a manner and size surpassing anything done before all surfaces and edges rise without stages the major elements within the combination remain independent speyer became a model for many other church buildings but was unsurpassed in its magnificence 4 the expanded cathedral speyer ii was completed in 1106 the year of henry s iv death with a length of 444 roman feet 134 metres and a width of 111 roman feet 43 metres it was one of the largest buildings of its time 4 the building became a political issue the enlargement of the cathedral in the small village of speyer with only around 500 inhabitants was a blunt provocation for the papacy the emperor not only laid claim to secular but also to ecclesiastical power and with the magnificence and splendour of this cathedral he underlined this bold demand the purpose of the building already a strong motive for conrad was the emperor s claim to a representative imperial roman architecture in light of the continuing struggle with pope gregory vii thus speyer cathedral is also seen as a symbol of the investiture controversy it was only five years after his death that henry iv s excommunication was revoked and his body was put to rest in his cathedral in 1111 25 in the following centuries the cathedral remained relatively unchanged in a drawing of 1610 a gothic chapel has been added to the northern aisle and in a drawing of around 1650 there is another gothic window in the northern side of the westwerk in a drawing of 1750 depicting the cathedral with the destroyed middle section the latter window is absent view from south west view showing the original westwork in 1606 the new westwork by heinrich hübsch 1854 1858 the last ruler was put to rest in the cathedral in 1308 completing a list of eight emperors and kings and a number of their wives conrad ii died 1039 and his wife gisela died 1043 henry iii died 1056 son of conrad ii henry iv died 1106 son of henry iii and his wife bertha died 1087 henry v died 1125 son of henry iv beatrice i died 1184 second wife of frederick barbarossa and their daughter agnes king philipp of swabia died 1208 son of frederick barbarossa king rudolph of habsburg died 1291 king adolph of nassau died 1298 king albert i of germany died 1308 son of rudolph of habsburg note all eight of these rulers were kings of germany however to receive the title of holy roman emperor they had to be crowned by the pope when relations between the pope and german king were good they were crowned imperator romanum or holy roman emperor when relations were strained the popes refused to crown the king as emperor so essentially these were all eight holy roman emperors but four of them were uncrowned in addition to these rulers the cathedral is the resting place of several of the ruler s wives and many of speyer s bishops modern era edit although repeatedly occupied and ransacked town and cathedral survived the thirty years war 1618 1648 with little damage during the nine years war palatinate war of succession 1688 97 the people of speyer brought furniture and possessions into the cathedral stacking everything several metres high hoping to save them from the french troops of louis xiv marauding the town but on 31 may 1689 the soldiers broke in pillaged the imperial graves and set everything alight on that day almost the whole town of speyer was burned down in the heat of the fire the western part of the nave collapsed and the late gothic elements were destroyed 12 wiener zeichnung vienna sketch 1610 showing gothic addition to northern side in the great fire the prince bishops of speyer lost their residence and a plan was considered to build a new one in the style of a baroque château in place of the cathedral because of the hostility of the people of speyer towards the bishop it was decided to build a palace in bruchsal for almost a century only the eastern part of the cathedral was secured and used for services under the direction of franz ignaz m neumann the son of renowned baroque architect balthasar neumann the building was restored from 1748 to 1772 the romanesque nave was reconstructed but the westwork rebuilt in the baroque style on its remaining lower section the funds were not sufficient to rebuild the whole cathedral in the style of the time speyer before 1750 revealing damage caused in 1689 in 1792 speyer was again occupied this time by french revolutionary troops and once more the cathedral was pillaged during the napoleonic wars 1803 to 1815 the cathedral was used as a stable and storage facility for fodder and other material in 1806 the french planned to tear the building down and use it as a quarry but this was solely prevented by the bishop of mainz joseph ludwig colmar after napoleon s victories over the prussian and russian armies in the battles of grossgörschen and lützen in 1813 around 4 000 wounded soldiers came to speyer after the battle of leipzig there were even more and the cathedral was needed as an army hospital 25 as a result of the congress of vienna 1815 speyer and the palatinate passed to bavaria at the behest of king ludwig i of bavaria johann von schraudolph and joseph schwarzmann decorated the interior walls of the cathedral with nazarene style frescoes 1846 1853 in 1854 to 1858 ludwig s successor king maximilian ii had the baroque westwork replaced by a neo romanesque one with the two tall towers and the octagonal dome resembling those that were lost thus restoring the cathedral s overall romanesque appearance the roofs were lowered and covered with copper only the gothic sacristy kept its slate roof eduard rottmanner was organist at the church from 1839 to 1843 on 24 september 1861 the then prince of wales of the united kingdom prince albert edward who would later become king edward vii first met his wife princess alexandra of denmark later queen alexandra of britain at the speyer cathedral in designing the façade of the westwork heinrich hübsch an architect of early historicism created a neo romanesque design which drew on features of the original westwork and those of several other romanesque buildings scaling the windows differently and introducing a gable on the facade a row of statues over the main portal and polychrome stonework in sandstone yellow and rust these restorations coincided with the development of romanticism and german nationalism during which many buildings were restored in the romanesque and gothic style of the holy roman empire speyer cathedral was then elevated to the level of a national monument speyer cathedral from the south the interior decorations and the new westwork were considered a major feat in the 19th century ludwig i was of the opinion that nothing greater had been created than these paintings yet by the start of the 20th century the mood had changed in 1916 georg dehio a german art historian was convinced that among all the misfortunes to befall the cathedral the alterations of the 19th century were not the smallest 26 the graves of the emperors and kings were originally placed in the central aisle in front of the altar in the course of the centuries knowledge of the exact location was lost in a big excavation campaign in 1900 the graves were discovered and opened and the identity of the rulers were established some of the contents e g clothing can be seen at the historical museum of the palatinate near the cathedral the restored coffins were relocated into a newly constructed crypt open to the public under the main altar in 1906 the restoration of the cathedral beginning in 1957 was directed towards both securing the structure and recreating the original atmosphere of the interior 17 some of the plaster and 19th century paintings from the walls was removed only the cycle of 24 scenes from the life of the virgin between the windows of the nave have been preserved gables which had been removed from the transept and choir during the baroque era were replaced using etchings and examples in related buildings changes in the crossing were also undone but enforcements from the baroque were left in place for structural reasons additionally the baroque style curved roof on the eastern dome remained 25 the speyer fragment of the codex argenteus edit the final leaf of the important codex argenteus was discovered in the cathedral in october 1970 the codex contains a translation of new testament gospels into the gothic language during the renovation of the saint afra chapel of the cathedral the leaf was found in a box with non authentic relics that was hidden in 1859 by immuring it 27 the leaf with text on both sides contains the final verses of the gospel of mark 16 12 20 28 present condition edit east front of speyer cathedral the eastern apsidal end showing the encircling gallery speyer cathedral has maintained the overall form and dimensions of the 11th century structure and despite substantial losses to the original fabric and successive restorations presents a complete and unified romanesque building the design broadly follows the plan that was established at st michael s church in hildesheim and set the standard that was to be generally adopted in the rhineland 2 this comprised a high vaulted nave with aisles with a domed crossing towards at the east which terminated in an apsidal chancel the horizontal orientation already points to the development of the gothic architecture the western end terminates in an elaborate structure known as a westwerk including the main portal a feature typical of many romanesque churches other german romanesque churches such as worms cathedral have an apse at both ends externally the silhouette of the building is balanced by two pairs of tall towers which frame the nave at the western end and the chancel to the east and form a sculptural mass with the dome at each end creating an equilibrium between the eastern and western blocks 2 the majority of its features are still the same exterior but the interior has undergone many renovations supporting the foundation but changing the interior greatly the exterior appearance of the cathedral is unified by the regularity of the size of its openings speyer has the earliest example in germany of a colonnaded dwarf gallery that goes around the entire building just below the roofline the same type of gallery also adorns the eastern and western domes the openings in the gallery match the size of the paired windows in the towers the domes are both octagonal the roof of the eastern one being slightly ovoid the towers are surmounted by rhenish helm spires the nave towers and domes are all roofed with copper which has weathered to pale green in contrast to the pinkish red of the building stone and the polychrome of the westwerk internally the nave is of two open stages with simple semi circular romanesque openings the arcade has piers of a simple form each with a wide attached shaft the alternate shafts carrying a stone arch of the high vault the square bays thus formed are groin vaulted and plastered although most of the plasterwork of the 19th century has been removed from wall surfaces the wide expanse of masonry between the arcade and the clerestory contains a series of colourful murals depicting the life of the virgin the cathedral has recently undergone fundamental restorations which cost around 26 million euros in addition the frescos by johann schraudolph which were removed in the 1950s were restored and are now displayed in the kaisersaal of the cathedral stages of construction and reconstruction 1061 1106 1689 1756 1778 1858 world heritage site edit in april 1981 speyer cathedral was added to the unesco world heritage list of culturally important sites the international council on monuments and sites icomos justified the inclusion the cathedral of speyer with those of worms and mayence mainz is a major monument of romanesque art in the german empire it is by virtue of its proportions the largest and the most important by virtue of the history to which it is linked the salic emperors made it their place of burial 2 14 icomos also cites the building as important in demonstrating the evolution in attitudes towards restoration since the 17th century both in germany and the world 2 dimensions edit total length 134 m from the steps at the entrance to the exterior wall of the east apse external width of the nave with aisles 37 62 m from exterior wall to exterior wall internal width of the nave 14 m height of the nave at the vertex of the vaults 33 m height of the eastern spires 71 20 m height of the western spires 65 60 m crypt length east west 35 m north south 46 m height between 6 2 m and 6 5 m features edit crypt edit layout of the crypt of speyer cathedral the crypt of speyer cathedral over the centuries crypts developed from tiny chambers into large semi subterranean and very articulated hall crypts which became standard forms in italy and germany sometimes extending under the transepts as well as the chancel the monumental crypt of speyer cathedral consecrated in 1041 is the largest romanesque columned hall crypt in europe with an area of 850 m 2 9 149 sq ft and a height of approx 7 m forty two groin vaults are supported on twenty cylindrical columns with simple cushion capitals the sandstone blocks alternate in colour between yellow and rust a typical design of the salian and staufer era and providing the context of the colour scheme of the 19th century facade the architectural clarity is quite exceptional a result of the precise execution of the base moldings and the cushion capitals together with the emphatic system of transverse arches 29 see detail below chapels edit double chapel of saint emmeram and saint catherine upper level with opening to the bottom on the southern side of the cathedral is the double chapel doppelkapelle of saint emmeram saint martin and saint catherine the concept of the double chapel was well established by the end of the 11th century dating back to the time of charlemagne and commonly used in imperial and episcopal chapels 30 construction of the one in speyer already started around 1050 saint catherine s chapel was built on occasion of the birthday of henry iii s daughter on 25 november named after saint catherine of alexandria one of the fourteen holy helpers in 1961 the chapel was restored to its original state as a double chapel the two chapels on top of each other are connected through an opening in the centre today saint emmeram is a baptistery on the northern side of the cathedral is the chapel of saint afra named after an early christian martyr henry...
|
