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anakh ca 1236 38 biblioteca ambrosiana a number of verses in the hebrew bible tanakh refer to prohibitions against the creation of graven images which are invariably linked directly to idolatry the strongest source exodus 20 3 6 is based on what judaism counts as the second of the ten commandments thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image nor any manner of likeness of any thing that is in heaven above or that is in the earth beneath or that is in the water under the earth thou shalt not bow down unto them nor serve them for i the l ord thy god am a jealous god visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me and showing mercy unto the thousandth generation of them that love me and keep my commandments 52 another source is leviticus 26 1 ye shall make you no idols neither shall ye rear you up a graven image or a pillar neither shall ye place any figured stone in your land to bow down unto it for i am the l ord your god 53 orthodox halakha edit wikimedia commons has media related to illuminated manuscripts in hebrew despite the semantic association with idols halakha jewish law at least as codified in the shulkhan aruch interprets the verses as prohibiting the creation of certain types of graven images of people angels or astronomical bodies whether or not they are actually used as idols joseph karo the compiler of the shulkhan aruch writes in yoreh de ah 139 it is forbidden to make complete solid or raised images of people or angels or any images of heavenly bodies except for purposes of study 54 karo translates פֶּסֶל pésel as graven image which is from the root פּ ס ל p s l to engrave 55 56 the orthodox jewish community therefore sees the prohibition as applying specifically to certain forms of sculpture and depictions of the human face it is thought that illustrations from the middle ages of zoocephalic figures such as in the birds head haggadah do not violate this prohibition because such creatures as griffins harpies sphinxes and the phoenix do not actually exist no violation of the prohibition is perceived in such depictions this is based on the fact that the commandment as stated in the book of exodus refers specifically to anything in the heaven above on the earth below or in the water below the land however it is forbidden per the kitzur shulchan aruch to make the four faces on the divine chariot described in the book of ezekiel or the ministering angels because these are believed to be real beings that actually exist in the heaven above 57 better source needed in the baháʼí faith edit main article aniconism in the baháʼí faith like other abrahamic religions depictions of god are prohibited in the bahá í faith and bahá í houses of worship are devoid of statues or images photographs and depictions of the báb and bahá u lláh who are considered manifestations of god are considered very precious they are viewed and handled with reverence and respect and their existence itself is not considered offensive however shoghi effendi the guardian of the baháʼí faith stated that believers should only view the images when they can be treated with the utmost respect and not let them be exposed to the public or displayed in their private homes there is no objection that the believers look at the picture of bahá u lláh but they should do so with the utmost reverence and should also not allow that it be exposed openly to the public even in their private homes from a letter written on behalf of shoghi effendi to an individual believer december 6 1939 republished in lights of guidance p 540 shoghi effendi has also written in the directives from the guardian regarding the portrait of the báb the portrait of the báb should be regarded as an inestimable privilege and blessing to behold as past generations were denied a glimpse of the face of the manifestation once he had passed on 58 59 shoghi effendi directives from the guardian p 43 two pictures of bahá u lláh and a portrait of the báb are on display at the baháʼí world centre in the international archives building where the baháʼís view it as part of an organized baháʼí pilgrimage other religions edit in africa aniconism varies from culture to culture from elaborate masks and statues of humans and animals to their total absence a common feature however across the continent is the refusal to give the high god a material shape about the germanic tribes the roman historian tacitus writes the following they don t consider it mighty enough for the heavens to depict gods on walls or to display them in some human shape 60 his observation was not general to all the germanic peoples or similar to the greeks it evolved after his time as documentary evidence suggests see ardre image stones original research in the ancient etruscan religion the dii involuti or veiled gods a group of gods who were superior to the ordinary pantheon and regulated the infliction of disasters were never named or depicted depictions of gods more generally were infrequent in etruscan civilization until after the adoption of greek influences in the orientalizing period of the 7th 6th centuries bc and sometimes carried negative associations their faces in particular an etruscan divination calendar describes being visited with visions of the faces of the gods as a negative event 61 in some australian aboriginal cultural groups the naming and depiction of recently deceased people is often prohibited under customary law and the mourning period may last for weeks months or years 62 it is believed that depicting them will inhibit their passage to the great dreaming of the ancestors citation needed some broadcasters such as the abc include content warnings in programs or articles that depict aboriginal people the prohibition does not apply to the depiction of non aboriginal people who are deceased see also edit censorship censorship by organized religion jyllands posten muhammad cartoons controversy references 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