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lled for nationalization of the assets held by aioc from which the government of iran had hitherto only received minimal compensation this led to british counter moves and the loss of nearly all oil incomes for both sides during the abadan crisis citation needed though nominally supportive of the united kingdom s position the united states refused to intervene directly after anglo french efforts to topple mossadegh s government and restore the status quo only resulted in increased instability and compounded financial loses the british government again sought american intervention u s president dwight d eisenhower reluctantly authorized the central intelligence agency cia to overthrow the mossadegh government in an event known as the 1953 iranian coup d état prior to the coup the national front was made up of four main parties the iran party which was founded in 1946 as a platform for iranian liberals including figures such as karim sanjâbi gholam hossein sadighi ahmad zirakzadeh and allah yar saleh the toilers party of the iranian nation a left wing party that advocated a non communist socialist iran led by mozzafar baghai and khalil maleki and the society of muslim warriors an islamic party led by âyatollâh âbol ghâsem kâšâni 21 second and third national front edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2020 learn how and when to remove this message in the aftermath of the 1953 coup the national front was outlawed and its highest ranking leaders arrested and brought before a military court the military coup established mohammad reza shah as the supreme leader of iran although nominal power was held by prime minister fazlollah zahedi who was paid by the cia to help overthrow mossadegh and strengthen the power of the monarchy in an atmosphere of police repression several former members of the national front mostly low ranking leaders established an underground network called the national resistance movement this group included future prime ministers mehdi bazargan and shapour bakhtiar and its aim was to reestablish democracy by campaigning for free and fair elections its activities were largely restricted to peacefully distributing flyers and attempting to regulate the 1954 majlis elections which in the end were rigged in favor of pro shah candidates it disintegrated under pressure from the state however the second national front was formed in 1960 which consisted of prominent people such as karim sanjabi mehdi bazargan allahyar saleh shapour bakhtiar adib boroumand asqar pârsâ dâryuš foruhar qolâm hosseyn sadiqi mohamad ali khonji and others its aim was to return mohammad mossadegh to the premiership and to reestablish the constitutional monarchy initially it seemed as if this organization was gaining in strength however the group s leaders fell into disagreements over questions such as the organization of the front tactics against the shah s regime and the form of government to which the national front ought to commit itself these disputes led to tension between the high ranking leaders and the student activists in 1961 bazargan mahmoud taleghani a prominent islamic cleric and others formed the freedom movement of iran fmi which was committed to a democratic state in which the islamic religion would play a substantial role in state and society as opposed to the more secular orientation of the national front another issue arose over the appointment in april 1961 of dr ali amini to the premiership it was widely believed that the shah had chosen amini under pressure from the kennedy administration in the united states partly for this reason the national front s leaders persistently refused to collaborate with or lend support to amini s government however political turmoil grew worse amini stepped down from the premiership in 1962 owing to his dispute with the shah over the former s plans to reduce the military budget in june the following year a huge religious uprising occurred in the cities of tehran qom mashad shiraz and varamin which was put down with ruthless force by the iranian army the unrest had been sparked by the arrest of ayatollah ruhollah khomeini a vocal critic of the shah and his program of land reforms and granting women the right to vote around this time the third national front was formed which consisted of the fmi religious nationalists melli mazhabis the iran nation party the party of dâryuš foruhar nation party of iran the society of iranian socialists led by khalil maleki a prominent personality of the mossadegh era who had been prohibited from joining the second national front due to his past history in the tudeh party and the student activists the second and third national fronts differed largely in their tactical approach to facing the shah s regime the former believed in patiently negotiating with the shah and the higher officials in the hope of peacefully bringing about a democracy in contrast to this passive approach the third national front advocated a strategy of civil disobedience and protests in the hope of either forcing the regime to come to terms with the opposition or face collapse by 1964 however mohammad reza shah had consolidated his control of both his regime and the country and he quickly moved to further guarantee his position by increasing the powers of savak the state s intelligence agency which was infamous for the torture and killings it inflicted on the opposition and even on ordinary iranians who merely uttered any wrong words against the regime in this new atmosphere of police terror the national front virtually ceased to exist though exile branches continued to operate in the united states and europe iranian revolution edit the national front was revived in late 1977 by karim sanjabi former minister of education under mossadegh and now the leader of the front shapour bakhtiar former deputy minister of labor under mosaddegh and now the leader of the iran party and dâryuš foruhar head of the iran nation party 22 the three signed an open letter which politely criticized the shah and called on him to re establish the constitutional monarchy free political prisoners respect freedom of speech and hold free and fair elections for some months under pressure from the carter administration many educated and liberal minded iranians were now able to voice their grievances against the regime of the shah in january 1978 violence erupted in qom over the publication of an article in a pro government newspaper which attacked ayatollah ruhollah khomeini as a british agent and a reactionary despite the threatening existence of savak and the harsh crackdown unleashed by the regime on the protesters the unrest grew and spread to other cities such as tabriz which was rocked by riots and briefly seized by rebels by late 1978 almost the whole country not just the organized opposition was inflamed with hatred towards the shah and rioting protests and street clashes with the police and army grew in intensity and bloodshed by this time ayatollah khomeini was now recognized as the undisputed spiritual leader of the uprising sanjabi as representative of the front came to paris and emerged from his meeting with khomeini with a short declaration that spoke of both islam and democracy as basic principles 23 and committed the national front to the twin goals of abolishing the monarchy and establishing a democratic and islamic government in its place this was a diversion from the national front s long held aim of reforming the monarchy and it caused some friction in the high council although most of the rank and file and leaders supported the new orientation the friction blew into open division when shapour bakhtiar one of the three top leaders accepted the shah s invitation to become the prime minister of iran but only on the condition that the shah committed himself to reign and not rule bakhtiar s decision to collaborate with the shah caused the national front to denounce him as a traitor to their cause and to expel him from the organization only a few moderate and secular individuals among the leadership chose to ally with bakhtiar and with the monarchy on 16 january the shah left the country amid rejoicing among the populace and on 11 february the regime collapsed and ayatollah khomeini became the political leader of iran at first the national front supported the new provisional revolutionary government and the establishment of the islamic republic but the joint statement with sanjabi notwithstanding khomeini explicitly refused to put the same word democracy into either the title of the republic or its constitution 23 within a short time it became clear that ayatollah khomeini s model of an islamic society was modeled not on democracy but on theocratic rule of islamic jurists or velayat e faqih and traditional islamic sharia law 24 1981 suppression edit on 15 june 1981 the national front and other secular opposition groups publicly criticized the qisas bill to islamify the criminal justice system 25 26 the bill outlined and codified penalties for various religious offenses including stoning for adultery zena the death penalty for same sex relations lavat or mosahegheh flogging for alcohol consumption and execution for offenses such as spreading corruption on earth ifsad fi al arz or waging war against god moharebeh the national front of iran denounced the proposed law as inhumane and called upon the people of tehran to participate in a demonstration for 15 june 1981 27 the clerical establishment interpreted these criticisms as a direct assault on islam the quran and divine law in june 1981 khomeini issued a series of religious decrees targeting critics declaring that those who oppose the essential laws of islam were apostates murtad he specifically condemned members of the national front accusing them of aligning with infidels communists and religious hypocrites he denounced these groups as enemies of allah and islam who had dug their graves with their own hands in his view anyone who calls god s decree inhuman and anyone who describes islam as inhuman was to be regarded as a kafir infidel 27 in the meantime hezbollah members of the revolutionary guard and committees men and women from the wards of south tehran organized by the irp machine poured into ferdowsi square the designated meeting place for the rally the large numbers of middle class protesters and supporters of the national front who also showed up were cowed into virtual silence there was no organized demonstration no speeches no march 28 leaders of the liberation movement and banisadr had to make a public apology for supporting the front s appeal on tv and the radio 29 election results edit parliamentary elections edit election party leader seats won 1950 mohammad mossadegh 11 136 8 1952 mohammad mossadegh 30 79 38 did not contest in 1954 and 1956 1960 allahyar saleh 0 200 0 1961 allahyar saleh 1 200 0 5 did not contest between 1961 and 1979 1980 karim sanjabi 4 270 1 has not contested since 1981 party leaders edit mohammad mosaddegh 1949 1960 allah yar saleh 1960 1964 karim sanjabi 1967 1988 adib boroumand 1993 2017 seyed hossein mousavian since 2018 see also edit iran portal politics portal opposing organizations confederation of iranian students affiliated organizations iran party party of the iranian people toilers party of the iranian nation left in 1952 defunct society of muslim warriors left in 1952 defunct nation party of iran left in 1979 league of iranian socialists left in 1979 defunct third force defunct movement of god worshipping socialists defunct splinter organizations freedom movement of iran 1961 national democratic front 1979 defunct references edit 1 2 abrahamian ervand 1989 radical islam the iranian mojahedin i b tauris p 47 isbn 978 1 85043 077 3 gasiorowski mark j byrne malcolm 2004 mohammad mosaddeq and the 1953 coup in iran syracuse university press pp 60 61 isbn 0815630182 1 2 zabir sepehr 2012 iran since the revolution rle iran d taylor francis p 29 isbn 978 1136833007 gheissari ali 2010 iranian intellectuals in the twentieth century university of texas press p 64 isbn 978 0292778917 1 2 3 4 kazemzadeh masoud 2008 opposition groups iran today an encyclopedia of life in the islamic republic vol 1 greenwood press pp 363 364 isbn 978 0313341632 mehrzad boroujerdi 5 june 2018 postrevolutionary iran a political handbook syracuse university press p 342 isbn 978 0815635741 retrieved 27 june 2025 1 2 john h lorentz 2010 national front the a to z of iran the a to z guide series vol 209 scarecrow press p 224 isbn 978 1461731917 poulson stephen c 2012 social movements in twentieth century iran culture ideology and mobilizing frameworks lexington books p 4 isbn 978 0739117576 houchang e chehabi 1990 iranian politics and religious modernism the liberation movement of iran under the shah and khomeini i b tauris p 128 isbn 1850431981 antoine olivier sfeir roy 2007 the columbia world dictionary of islamism columbia university press p 146 isbn 9780231146418 khandagh najleh november 14 2022 the formation of the national front in iran scholars journal of arts humanities and social sciences 10 11 516 525 retrieved april 24 2026 jaberi arash gharadaghi masomeh taleei gharah gheshlagh aziz samadivand manocher winter 2024 explaining the role and beliefs of mohammad ali foroughi in domestic and foreign policy during the prime ministership pdf international relations research quarterly 13 3 international relations researches 281 309 doi 10 22034 irr 2023 406713 2412 retrieved april 26 2026 khandagh najleh november 14 2022 the formation of the national front in iran scholars journal of arts humanities and social sciences 10 11 516 525 retrieved april 24 2026 1 2 abrahamian ervand 2013 the coup 1953 the cia and the roots of modern u s iranian relations new york the new press pp 52 54 isbn 978 1 59558 826 5 âbrâhâmiân ervand 2008 a history of modern iran cambridge university press p 115 isbn 9781107198340 gasiorowski mark j august 1987 the 1953 coup d etat in iran pdf international journal of middle east studies 19 3 261 286 doi 10 1017 s0020743800056737 s2cid 154201459 archived from the original pdf on 29 may 2014 retrieved 2 august 2013 stephen kinzer 2003 all the shah s men an american coup and the roots of middle east terror john wiley and sons p 33 isbn 978 0470185490 elwell sutton l p 1955 persian oil a study in power politics london lawrence and wishart ltd p 15 bbc news the company file from anglo persian oil to bp amoco news bbc co uk 1998 08 11 retrieved 2025 06 15 mark j gasiorowski 1991 u s foreign policy and the shah building a client state in iran cornell university press p 59 isbn 0801424127 hiro dilip november 29 2003 the essential middle east a comprehensive guide new york carroll graf isbn 0 7867 1269 4 via internet archive cite book work ignored help axworthy michael 1 september 2013 rev...
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