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car was rented several hours before he arrived in spain 109 it emerged that the spanish authorities knew where mccann and savage were staying a senior spanish police officer repeatedly told journalists that the ira cell had been under surveillance throughout their time in spain and that the spanish told the british authorities that they did not believe that the three were in possession of a bomb on 6 march although the spanish government did not comment it honoured 22 police officers involved in the operation at a secret awards ceremony in december 1988 and a spanish government minister told a press conference in march 1989 that we followed the terrorists they were completely under our control 110 the same month a journalist discovered that the spanish side of the operation was conducted by the foreign intelligence brigade rather than the local police as the british government had suggested 111 112 the independent and private eye conjectured as to the reason for the spanish government s silence in 1988 spain was attempting to join the western european union but was opposed by britain the papers theory was that margaret thatcher s government dropped its opposition in exchange for the spanish government s silence 113 114 legal proceedings edit main article mccann and others v united kingdom in march 1990 the mccann savage and farrell families began proceedings against the british government at the high court in london the case was dismissed on the grounds that gibraltar was outside the court s jurisdiction 115 the families launched an appeal but withdrew it in the belief that it had no prospect of success 70 they then applied to the european commission of human rights for an opinion on whether the authorities actions in gibraltar violated article 2 the right to life of the european convention on human rights echr 116 issuing its report in april 1993 the commission criticised the conduct of the operation but found that there had been no violation of article 2 nevertheless the commission referred the case to the european court of human rights ecthr for a final decision 116 117 the british government submitted that the killings were absolutely necessary within the meaning of article 2 paragraph 2 to protect the people of gibraltar from unlawful violence they stated that the soldiers who carried out the shootings believed that mccann savage and farrell were capable of detonating a car bomb by remote control the families alleged that the government had conspired to kill the three that the planning and control of the operation was flawed that the inquest was not adequately equipped to investigate the killings and that the applicable laws of gibraltar were not compliant with article 2 the court found that the soldiers reflex action in resorting to lethal force was excessive but that the soldiers actions did not in their own right give rise to a violation of article 2 the court held that the soldiers use of force based on an honestly held belief could be justified even if that belief was mistaken to hold otherwise would in the court s opinion place too great a burden on law enforcement personnel it also dismissed all other allegations except that regarding the planning and control of the operation in that respect the court found that the authorities failure to arrest the suspects as they crossed the border or earlier combined with the information that was passed to the soldiers rendered the use of lethal force almost inevitable thus the court decided there had been a violation of article 2 in the control of the operation 118 119 as the suspects had been killed while preparing an act of terrorism the court rejected the families claims for damages as well as their claim for expenses incurred at the inquest the court did order the british government to pay the applicants costs incurred during the proceedings in strasbourg the government initially suggested it would not pay and there was discussion in parliament of the uk withdrawing from the echr it paid the costs on 24 december 1995 within days of the three month deadline which had been set by the court 116 long term impact edit a history of the gibraltar police described operation flavius as the most controversial and violent event in the history of the force 120 while the journalist nicholas eckert described the incident as one of the great controversies of the troubles and the academic richard english posited that the awful sequence of interwoven deaths was one of the conflict s most strikingly memorable and shocking periods 121 122 the explosives the ira intended to use in gibraltar were believed to have come from libya which was known to be supplying arms to the ira in the 1980s some sources speculated that gibraltar was chosen for its relative proximity to libya and the targeting of the territory was intended as a gesture of gratitude to gaddafi 6 123 124 125 126 several commentators including father raymond murray a catholic priest and author of several books on the troubles took the shootings as evidence that the british authorities pursued a shoot to kill policy against the ira and that they intentionally used lethal force in preference to arresting suspected ira members 127 maurice punch an academic specialising in policing and civil liberties described the ecthr verdict as a landmark case with important implications for the control of police operations involving firearms 15 according to punch the significance of the ecthr judgement was that it placed accountability for the failures in the operation with its commanders rather than with the soldiers who carried out the shooting punch believed that the ruling demonstrated that operations intended to arrest suspects should be conducted by civilian police officers rather than soldiers 128 the case is considered a landmark in cases concerning article 2 particularly in upholding the principle that article 2 paragraph 2 defines circumstances in which it is permissible to use force which may result in a person s death as an unintended consequence rather than circumstances in which it is permissible to intentionally deprive a person of their life it has been cited in later ecthr cases concerning the use of lethal force by police 129 after the inquest verdict the governor of gibraltar air chief marshal sir peter terry declared even in this remote place there is no place for terrorists in apparent revenge for his role in operation flavius terry and his wife were shot and seriously injured when the ira attacked their home in staffordshire two years later in september 1990 130 131 132 133 following asquez s retraction of his statement to death on the rock and his allegation that he was pressured into giving a false account of the events he witnessed the iba contacted thames television to express its concern and to raise the possibility of an investigation into the making of the documentary thames eventually agreed to commission an independent inquiry the first such inquiry into an individual programme to be conducted by two people with no connection to either thames or the iba thames engaged lord windlesham and richard rampton qc to conduct the investigation 134 in their report published in january 1989 windlesham and rampton levelled several criticisms at death on the rock but found it to be a trenchant piece of work made in good faith and without ulterior motives 135 in conclusion the authors believed that death on the rock proved freedom of expression can prevail in the most extensive and the most immediate of all the means of mass communication 29 135 see also edit crime portal gibraltar portal deal barracks bombing another ira attack targeting a military band police use of firearms in the united kingdom shoot to kill policy in northern ireland notes edit for security the sas mi5 and gibraltar police special branch personnel involved in the operation were not named and were identified by letters of the alphabet in subsequent proceedings 18 the sas officers testified that they were briefly handed control twice earlier at 15 00 and 15 25 canepa s deputy commissioner stated that he was unaware of either event 74 randall was on holiday abroad at the time of the inquest having been advised by the gibraltar police that he would not be needed upon his return he strongly denied putting any pressure on asquez 98 references edit bibliography edit baldachino cecilia benady tito 2005 the royal gibraltar police 1830 2005 gibraltar gibraltar books isbn 9781919657127 bishop patrick mallie eamonn 1988 the provisional ira london corgi isbn 9780552133371 bolton roger 1990 death on the rock and other stories london w h allen isbn 9781852271633 coogan tim pat 2002 the ira 5th ed new york palgrave macmillan isbn 9780312294168 crawshaw ralph holmström leif 2006 essential cases on human rights for the police leiden martinus nijhoff isbn 9789004139787 dillon martin 1992 stone cold the true story of michael stone and the milltown massacre london hutchinson isbn 9781448185139 eckert nicholas 1999 fatal encounter the story of the gibraltar killings dublin poolbeg isbn 9781853718373 english richard 2012 armed struggle the history of the ira revised ed london pan macmillan isbn 9781447212492 morgan michael leggett susan 1996 mainstream s and margins cultural politics in the 90s westport greenwood publishing group isbn 9780313297960 murray raymond 2004 1990 the sas in ireland revised ed dublin mercier press isbn 9781856354370 o brien brendan 1999 the long war the ira and sinn féin syracuse syracuse university press isbn 9780815605973 o leary brendan 2007 chapter 6 the ira looking back mission accomplished in heiberg marianne o leary brendan tirman john eds terror insurgency and the state ending protracted conflicts philadelphia university of pennsylvania press isbn 9780812239744 punch maurice 2011 shoot to kill police accountability and fatal force bristol policy press isbn 9781847424723 urban mark 1992 big boys rules the secret struggle against the ira london faber and faber isbn 9780571168095 waddington p a j 1991 the strong arm of the law armed and public order policing oxford oxford university press isbn 9780198273592 williams maxine 1989 murder on the rock how the british government got away with murder london larkin publications isbn 9780905400105 windlesham lord david rampton richard qc 1989 the windlesham rampton report on death on the rock london faber and faber isbn 9780571141500 citations edit gibraltar killings and release of the guildford four bbc news 18 march 1999 retrieved 31 january 2014 mckittrick david 6 june 1994 dangers that justified gibraltar killings the independent archived from the original on 24 may 2022 retrieved 31 january 2014 bishop mallie pp 136 138 coogan pp 375 376 379 o leary pp 210 211 1 2 3 o brien p 151 crawshaw holmström p 88 english p 257 urban pp 3 4 urban pp 11 12 murray pp 398 399 eckert pp 56 62 eckert p 63 eckert pp 67 68 1 2 punch p 15 eckert p 70 eckert pp 71 72 eckert p 171 eckert pp 73 77 eckert p 78 eckert pp 77 78 1 2 eckert pp 79 81 punch p 104 eckert p 149 waddington p 88 1 2 eckert p 83 eckert pp 81 86 crawshaw holmström p 92 1 2 english p 256 1 2 eckert pp 86 87 williams p 33 1 2 morgan leggett pp 145 148 eckert p 88 murray p 400 morgan leggett pp 150 152 eckert p 86 murray p 399 haughey didn t want ira bodies from gibraltar in dublin rté ie 25 august 2017 retrieved 25 august 2017 eckert pp 89 91 eckert p 93 1 2 murray p 428 eckert p 92 eckert p 94 dillon p 145 eckert pp 96 99 dillon pp 143 159 o brien p 164 murray p 429 eckert p 103 eckert pp 105 108 eckert pp 112 114 eckert pp 116 151 eckert pp 151 153 eckert p 128 murray p 404 eckert pp 127 130 eckert p 124 eckert p 131 windlesham rampton pp 130 131 eckert p 138 williams p 38 eckert pp 141 142 1 2 murray p 418 eckert pp 147 148 eckert p 163 williams p 10 eckert p 166 1 2 eckert pp 169 171 1 2 williams p 40 1 2 3 crawshaw holmström p 93 eckert pp 176 178 murray p 406 williams pp 11 12 eckert pp 181 194 eckert pp 181 183 eckert pp 183 186 williams p 13 eckert pp 179 180 eckert pp 186 187 eckert pp 187 191 murray pp 414 416 eckert pp 196 198 eckert p 201 crawshaw holmström p 89 eckert pp 215 220 eckert pp 201 202 williams p 43 eckert p 202 eckert p 203 waddington p 94 murray p 419 eckert pp 204 205 eckert p 206 eckert pp 222 223 eckert p 223 murray p 417 eckert pp 226 227 eckert p 232 eckert pp 230 233 murray pp 421 422 eckert pp 233 234 eckert p 234 murray pp 412 413 1 2 eckert p 235 bolton p 268 1 2 williams p 42 murray p 434 eckert pp 251 252 eckert pp 254 255 eckert p 258 eckert pp 258 261 wiliams p 17 williams pp 16 17 eckert p 256 eckert p 284 1 2 3 eckert pp 286 287 crawshaw holmström pp 94 95 crawshaw holmström pp 97 104 punch p 17 baldachino benady p 71 eckert p 69 english p 258 urban p 209 dillon p 142 morgan leggett p 147 eckert p 270 murray pp 464 465 punch pp 22 23 punch pp 128 129 mills heather 28 september 1995 sudden death and the long quest for answers the independent archived from the original on 24 may 2022 retrieved 31 january 2014 rule sheila 20 september 1990 i r a raid wounds an ex british aide the new york times retrieved 31 january 2014 eckert pp 281 282 murray pp 49 windlesham rampton pp 3 4 1 2 windlesham rampton pp 144 145 external links edit case of mccann and others v the united kingdom echr 18984 91 text of 1995 judgment from european court of human rights regarding case brought by families of pira volunteers against the united kingdom government in relation to operation flavius v t e provisional irish republican army general anti treaty ira sinn féin republican news an phoblacht the green book the troubles timeline haughey arms crisis ira campaign chronology of provisional ira actions arms importation weaponry barrack buster improvised tactical vehicles mountjoy prison helicopter escape blanket protest dirty protest hm prison maze anti h block 1981 irish hunger strike maze prison escape armalite and ballot box strategy punishment attacks disappeared smithwick tribunal northern ireland peace process good friday agreement organisation chief of staff ira army council ira northern command ira southern command internal security unit active service unit belfast brigade derry brigade south armagh brigade east tyrone brigade balcombe street gang actions 1970 1979 battle of st matthew s falls curfew 1970 crossmaglen bombing scottish soldiers killings red lion bombing balmoral showroom bombing abercorn bombing donegall street bombing battle at springmartin battle of lenadoon bloody friday claudy bombing newry customs bombing old bailey bombing honey trap killings king s cross euston bombings coleraine bombings 1973 westminster bombing m62 bombing clogher attack houses of parliament bombing tower of london bombing guildford pub bombings harrow school bombing brooks s club bombing woolwich pub bombing british airways bombing attempt birmingham pub bombings london pillar box bombings talbot arms bombing bristol bombing telephon...
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