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s and the battle of stormberg ended in a british defeat with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured at the battle of magersfontein on 11 december methuen s 14 000 british troops attempted to capture a boer position in a dawn attack to relieve kimberley this too turned into a disaster when the highland brigade became pinned down by accurate boer fire after suffering from intense heat and thirst for nine hours they eventually broke in ill disciplined retreat the boer commanders koos de la rey and cronjé had ordered trenches to be dug in an unconventional place to fool the british and give their riflemen a greater firing range the plan worked and this tactic helped to write the doctrine of the supremacy of the defensive position using modern small arms and trench fortifications 66 citation needed the british lost 120 killed and 690 wounded and were prevented from relieving kimberley and mafeking a british soldier said of the defeat lord roberts s arrival at cape town such was the day for our regiment dread the revenge we will take dearly we paid for the blunder a drawing room general s mistake why weren t we told of the trenches why weren t we told of the wire why were we marched up in column may tommy atkins enquire private smith h the nadir of black week was the second battle of colenso on 15 december where 21 000 british troops commanded by buller attempted to cross the tugela river to relieve ladysmith where 8 000 transvaal boers under the command of louis botha were waiting through a combination of artillery and accurate rifle fire and better use of the ground the boers repelled british attempts to cross the river after his first attacks failed buller broke off the battle and ordered a retreat abandoning many wounded men several isolated units and ten field guns to be captured by botha s men buller s forces lost 145 men killed and 1 200 missing or wounded and the boers suffered only 40 casualties including 8 killed 54 12 second phase british offensive january september 1900 edit british casualties lie dead on the battlefield after the battle of spion kop 24 january 1900 the british government took these defeats badly and with the sieges continuing was compelled to send two more divisions plus large numbers of colonial volunteers by january 1900 this would become the largest force britain had ever sent overseas amounting to 180 000 men with further reinforcements being sought 16 while watching for these reinforcements buller made another bid to relieve ladysmith by crossing the tugela west of colenso buller s subordinate major general charles warren successfully crossed the river but was faced with a fresh defensive position centred on a prominent hill known as spion kop in the resulting battle of spion kop british troops captured the summit by surprise during the early hours of 24 january 1900 but as the fog lifted they realised too late that they were overlooked by boer gun emplacements on the surrounding hills the rest of the day resulted in a disaster caused by poor communication between buller and his commanders between them they issued contradictory orders on the one hand ordering men off the hill while other officers ordered fresh reinforcements to defend it the result was 350 men killed and nearly 1 000 wounded and a retreat across the tugela river into british territory there were nearly 300 boer casualties buller attacked louis botha again on 5 february at vaal krantz and was again defeated buller withdrew early when it appeared that the british would be isolated in an exposed bridgehead across the tugela for which he was nicknamed sir reverse by some of his officers buller replaced edit boer general piet de wet 1900 by taking command in person buller had allowed the overall direction of the war to drift because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field he was replaced as commander in chief by lord roberts roberts assembled a new team for headquarters staff from far and wide lord kitchener chief of staff from the sudan frederick russell burnham chief of scouts the american scout from the klondike george henderson from the staff college neville bowles chamberlain from afghanistan and william nicholson military secretary from calcutta citation needed like buller roberts first intended to attack directly along the cape town pretoria railway but again like buller was forced to relieve the beleaguered garrisons leaving buller in command in natal roberts massed his main force near the orange river and along the western railway behind methuen s force at the modder river and prepared to make a wide outflanking move to relieve kimberley except in natal the war had stagnated other than a single attempt to storm ladysmith the boers made no attempt to capture the besieged towns in the cape midlands the boers did not exploit the british defeat at stormberg and were prevented from capturing the railway junction at colesberg in the dry summer the grazing on the veld became parched weakening the boers horses and draught oxen and many boer families joined their menfolk in the siege lines and laagers encampments fatally encumbering cronjé s army roberts relieves the sieges edit roberts launched his main attack on 10 february 1900 and although hampered by a long supply route managed to outflank the boers defending magersfontein on 14 february a cavalry division under french launched a major attack to relieve kimberley although encountering severe fire a massed cavalry charge split the boer defences on 15 february opening the way for french to enter kimberley that evening ending its 124 days siege meanwhile roberts pursued piet cronjé s 7 000 strong force which had abandoned magersfontein to head for bloemfontein french s cavalry was ordered to assist in the pursuit by embarking on an epic 50 km 31 mi drive towards paardeberg where cronjé was attempting to cross the modder river at the battle of paardeberg from 18 to 27 february roberts then surrounded cronjé s retreating boer army on 17 february a pincer movement involving french s cavalry and the main british force attempted to take the entrenched position but the frontal attacks were uncoordinated and so repulsed by the boers finally roberts resorted to bombarding cronjé into submission it took ten days and when the british troops used the polluted modder river as water supply typhoid killed many troops general cronjé was finally forced to surrender at the battle of paardeberg with 4 000 men the relief of ladysmith sir george stuart white greets major hubert gough on 28 february painting by john henry frederick bacon 1868 1914 in natal the battle of the tugela heights which started on 14 february was buller s fourth attempt to relieve ladysmith the losses buller s troops had sustained convinced buller to adopt boer tactics in the firing line to advance in small rushes covered by rifle fire from behind to use the tactical support of artillery and above all to use the ground making rock and earth work for them as it did for the enemy despite reinforcements his progress was painfully slow against stiff opposition however on 26 february after much deliberation buller used all his forces in one all out attack for the first time and succeeded in forcing a crossing of the tugela to defeat botha s outnumbered forces north of colenso after a siege lasting 118 days the relief of ladysmith was effected the day after cronjé surrendered but at a total cost of 7 000 british casualties buller s troops marched into ladysmith on 28 february 67 after a succession of defeats the boers realised that against such overwhelming numbers of troops they had little chance and became demoralised roberts then advanced into the orange free state from the west putting the boers to flight at the battle of poplar grove and capturing bloemfontein the capital unopposed on 13 march with the boer defenders escaping and scattering meanwhile he detached a small force to relieve baden powell the relief of mafeking on 18 may 1900 provoked riotous celebrations in britain the origin of the edwardian slang word mafficking on 28 may the orange free state was annexed and renamed the orange river colony capture of pretoria edit main article advance on pretoria after being forced to delay for several weeks at bloemfontein by a shortage of supplies an outbreak of typhoid at paardeberg and poor medical care roberts finally resumed his advance 68 he was forced to halt again at kroonstad for 10 days due once again to the collapse of his medical and supply systems but captured johannesburg on 31 may and the capital of the transvaal pretoria on 5 june 69 before the war the boers had constructed forts south of pretoria but the artillery had been removed from the forts for use in the field and in the event they abandoned pretoria without a fight having won the principal cities roberts declared the war over on 3 september 1900 and the south african republic was formally annexed general piet cronjé as a prisoner of war in saint helena 1900 1902 he was captured along with 4 000 soldiers after the loss of the battle of paardeberg british observers believed the war to be all but over after the capture of the two capitals however the boers had earlier met at the temporary new capital of the orange free state kroonstad and planned a guerrilla campaign to hit the british supply and communication lines the first engagement of this new form of warfare was at sanna s post on 31 march where 1 500 boers under the command of christiaan de wet attacked bloemfontein s waterworks about 37 kilometres 23 mi east of the city and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy which caused 155 british casualties and the capture of seven guns 117 wagons and 428 british troops 70 after the fall of pretoria one of the last formal battles was at diamond hill on 11 12 june where roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the boer field army under botha beyond striking distance of pretoria although roberts drove the boers from the hill botha did not regard it as a defeat for he inflicted 162 casualties on the british while suffering only around 50 casualties boers retreat edit the set piece period of the war now largely gave way to a guerrilla war but one final operation remained president kruger and what remained of the transvaal government had retreated to eastern transvaal roberts joined by troops from natal under buller advanced against them and broke their last defensive position at bergendal on 26 august as roberts and buller followed up along the railway line to komatipoort kruger sought asylum in portuguese east africa modern mozambique some dispirited boers did likewise and the british gathered up much war material however the core of the boer fighters under botha easily broke back through the drakensberg mountains into the transvaal highveld after riding north through the bushveld as roberts s army occupied pretoria the boer fighters in the orange free state retreated into the brandwater basin a fertile area in the south east of the republic this offered only temporary sanctuary as the mountain passes leading to it could be occupied by the british trapping the boers a force under general archibald hunter set out from bloemfontein to achieve this in july 1900 the hard core of the free state boers under de wet accompanied by president steyn left the basin early those remaining fell into confusion and most failed to break out before hunter trapped them 4 500 boers surrendered and much equipment was captured but as with roberts s drive against kruger these losses were of relatively little consequence as the hard core of the boer armies and their most determined and active leaders remained at large from the basin christiaan de wet headed west although hounded by british columns he succeeded in crossing the vaal into western transvaal to allow steyn to travel to meet their leaders there was much sympathy for the boers in europe in october president kruger and members of the transvaal government left portuguese east africa on the dutch warship de gelderland sent by the queen wilhelmina of the netherlands paul kruger s wife however was too ill to travel and remained in south africa where she died on 20 july 1901 without seeing her husband again president kruger first went to marseille and then to the netherlands where he stayed before moving to clarens switzerland where he died in exile in 1904 prisoners of war sent overseas edit a transit camp for prisoners of war near cape town during the war prisoners were then transferred for internment in other parts of the british empire the first sizeable batch of boer prisoners taken by the british consisted of those captured at the battle of elandslaagte on 21 october 1899 initially these pows were held on troopships in simons bay until pow camps in cape town and simonstown were completed in total six prisoner of war camps would be set up in south africa 71 as numbers grew the british decided they did not want them kept locally the capture of 4000 pows in february 1900 was a key event which made the british realise they could not accommodate all pows in south africa 72 the british feared they could be freed by sympathetic locals moreover they already had trouble supplying their troops and did not want the added burden of sending supplies for the pows britain therefore sent many pows overseas around 31 prisoner of war camps were consequently set up in british colonies overseas during the war 71 the first overseas off african mainland camps were opened in saint helena which ultimately received about 5 000 pows 73 about 5 000 pows were sent to ceylon 74 other pows were sent to bermuda and india 72 oath of neutrality edit on 15 march 1900 lord roberts proclaimed an amnesty for all burghers except leaders who took an oath of neutrality and returned quietly to their homes 75 it is estimated that between 12 000 and 14 000 burghers took this oath between march and june 1900 76 third phase guerrilla war september 1900 may 1902 edit kitchener succeeded roberts in november 1900 and launched anti guerrilla campaigns 1898 photograph in 1910 magazine by september 1900 the british were nominally in control of both republics with the exception of north transvaal however they discovered they only controlled the territory their columns physically occupied despite the loss of their capitals and half their army the boer commanders adopted guerrilla warfare conducting raids against railways resource and supply targets aimed at disrupting the operational capacity of the british army they avoided pitched battles and casualties were light boer commando units were sent to the district from which its members were recruited which meant they could rely on local support and knowledge of the terrain and towns enabling them to live off the land their orders were simply to act against the british whenever possible their tactics were to strike fast causing as much damage as possible then withdraw...
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