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4 200 45 the word po survived in chinese long after referring to the large ocean going junks 43 274 mediterranean edit in september 2011 archeological investigations done at the site of portus in rome revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of trajan 98 117 that indicated the existence of a shipbuilders guild 46 early 2nd millennium ad edit austronesia edit model of a fijian drua with a crab claw sail from the otago museum an example of an austronesian ocean going vessel roughly at this time is the last migration wave of the austronesian expansion when the polynesian islands spread over vast distances across the pacific ocean were being colonized by the austronesian polynesians from island melanesia using double hulled voyaging catamarans at its furthest extent there is a possibility that they may have reached the americas 47 after the 11th century a new type of ship called djong or jong was recorded in java and bali 48 49 this type of ship was built using wooden dowels and treenails unlike the kunlun bo which used vegetal fibres for lashings 50 the empire of majapahit used jong built in northern java for transporting troops overseas 51 the jongs were transport ships which could carry 100 2000 tons of cargo and 50 1000 people 28 99 88 56 meter in length 52 the exact number of jong fielded by majapahit is unknown but the largest number of jong deployed in an expedition is about 400 jongs when majapahit attacked pasai in 1350 53 europe edit shipwrights building a brigantine 1541 viking longships were seen as marking an advance on traditional clinker built hulls where leather thongs were used to join plank boards 54 this consensus has been challenged haywood 55 has argued that earlier frankish and anglo saxon nautical practice was much more accomplished than had been thought and has described the distribution of clinker vs carvel construction in western europe see map an insight into shipbuilding in the north sea baltic areas of the early medieval period was found at sutton hoo england where a ship was buried with a chieftain the ship was 26 metres 85 ft long and 4 3 metres 14 ft 56 wide upward from the keel the hull was made by overlapping nine strakes on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks together it could hold upwards of thirty men sometime around the 12th century northern european ships began to be built with a straight sternpost enabling the mounting of a rudder which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the side development in the middle ages favored round ships 57 with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends another important ship type was the galley which was constructed with both sails and oars citation needed the first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written c 1436 by michael of rhodes 58 a man who began his career as an oarsman on a venetian galley in 1401 and worked his way up into officer positions he wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on shipbuilding a treatise on mathematics much material on astrology and other materials his treatise on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships 59 china edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message a two masted chinese junk from the tiangong kaiwu of song yingxing published in 1637 shipbuilders in the ming dynasty c 1368 1644 were not the same as the shipbuilders in other chinese dynasties due to hundreds of years of accumulated experiences and rapid changes in the ming dynasty shipbuilders in the ming dynasty primarily worked for the government under command of the ministry of public works citation needed during the early years of the ming dynasty the ming government maintained an open policy towards sailing between 1405 and 1433 the government conducted seven diplomatic ming treasure voyages to over thirty countries in southeast asia india the middle east and eastern africa the voyages were initiated by the yongle emperor and led by the admiral zheng he six voyages were conducted under the yongle emperor s reign the last of which returned to china in 1422 after the yongle emperor s death in 1424 his successor the hongxi emperor ordered the suspension of the voyages the seventh and final voyage began in 1430 sent by the xuande emperor although the hongxi and xuande emperors did not emphasize sailing as much as the yongle emperor they were not against it this led to a high degree of commercialization and an increase in trade large numbers of ships were built to meet the demand 60 61 the ming voyages were large in size numbering as many as 300 ships and 28 000 men 62 the shipbuilders were brought from different places in china to the shipyard in nanjing including zhejiang jiangxi fujian and huguang now the provinces of hubei and hunan one of the most famous shipyards was long jiang shipyard zh 龙江船厂 located in nanjing near the treasure shipyard where the ocean going ships were built 60 the shipbuilders could build 24 models of ships of varying sizes 60 full size replica of zheng he s treasure ship several types of ships were built for the voyages including shachuan 沙船 fuchuan 福船 and baochuan treasure ship 宝船 63 zheng he s treasure ships were regarded as shachuan types mainly because they were made in the treasure shipyard in nanjing shachuan or sand ships are ships used primarily for inland transport 60 however in recent years some researchers agree that the treasure ships were more of the fuchuan type it is said in vol 176 of san guo bei meng hui bian 三朝北盟汇编 that ships made in fujian are the best ones 63 therefore the best shipbuilders and laborers were brought from these places to support zheng he s expedition the shipyard was under the command of ministry of public works the shipbuilders had no control over their lives the builders commoner s doctors cooks and errands had lowest social status 64 the shipbuilders were forced to move away from their hometown to the shipyards there were two major ways to enter the shipbuilder occupation family tradition or apprenticeship if a shipbuilder entered the occupation due to family tradition the shipbuilder learned the techniques of shipbuilding from his family and is very likely to earn a higher status in the shipyard additionally the shipbuilder had access to business networking that could help to find clients if a shipbuilder entered the occupation through an apprenticeship the shipbuilder was likely a farmer before he was hired as a shipbuilder or he was previously an experienced shipbuilder many shipbuilders working in the shipyard were forced into the occupation the ships built for zheng he s voyages needed to be waterproof solid safe and have ample room to carry large amounts of trading goods therefore due to the highly commercialized society that was being encouraged by the expeditions trades and government policies the shipbuilders needed to acquire the skills to build ships that fulfil these requirements shipbuilding was not the sole industry utilising chinese lumber at that time the new capital was being built in beijing from approximately 1407 onwards 60 which required huge amounts of high quality wood these two ambitious projects commissioned by emperor yongle would have had enormous environmental and economic effects even if the ships were half the dimensions given in the history of ming considerable pressure would also have been placed on the infrastructure required to transport the trees from their point of origin to the shipyards 60 shipbuilders were usually divided into different groups and had separate jobs some were responsible for fixing old ships some were responsible for making the keel and some were responsible for building the helm it was the keel that determined the shape and the structure of the hull of fuchuan ships the keel is the middle of the bottom of the hull constructed by connecting three sections stern keel main keel and poop keel the hull spreads in the arc towards both sides forming the keel 63 the helm was the device that controls direction when sailing it was a critical invention in shipbuilding technique in ancient china and was only used by the chinese for a fairly long time with a developing recognition of its function the shape and configuration of the helm was continually improved by shipbuilders 63 the shipbuilders not only needed to build the ship according to design but needed to acquire the skills to improve the ships after 1477 the ming government reversed its open maritime policies enacting a series of isolationist policies in response to piracy the policies called haijin sea ban lasted until the end of the ming dynasty in 1644 during this period chinese navigation technology did not make any progress and even declined in some aspect 60 indian ocean edit in the islamic world shipbuilding thrived at basra and alexandria the dhow felucca baghlah and the sambuk became symbols of successful maritime trade around the indian ocean from the ports of east africa to southeast asia and the ports of sindh and hind india during the abbasid period citation needed early modern edit bengal edit mughal empire had a large shipbuilding industry which was largely centred in the bengal subah citation needed economic historian indrajit ray estimates shipbuilding output of bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223 250 tons annually compared with 23 061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in north america from 1769 to 1771 65 he also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in bengal 65 shipwrights at work darling harbour port jackson sydney 1878 west africa edit documents from 1506 for example refer to watercraft on the sierra leone river carrying 120 men others refer to guinea coast peoples using war canoes of varying sizes some 70 feet in length 7 8 feet broad with sharp pointed ends rowing benches on the side and quarterdecks or forecastles build of reeds the watercraft included miscellaneous facilities such as cooking hearths and storage spaces for the crew s sleeping mats 66 from the 17th century some kingdoms added brass or iron cannons to their vessels by the 18th century however the use of swivel cannons on war canoes accelerated the city state of lagos for instance deployed war canoes armed with swivel cannons 66 europe edit with the development of the carrack the west moved into a new era of ship construction by building the first regular oceangoing vessels in a relatively short time these ships grew to an unprecedented size complexity and cost citation needed the united kingdom was one of the principal shipping nations in the 19th century by 1815 at the end of the napoleonic wars the tonnage of the mercantile marine in the united kingdom was roughly twice that of the united states 67 britain also was a major shipbuilding nation by 1841 there were 20 424 men and boys employed in building ships in the united kingdom 68 shipyards became large industrial complexes and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors these considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights and ultimately led to the field of naval architecture in which professional designers and draftsmen played an increasingly important role 69 even so construction techniques changed only very gradually the ships of the napoleonic wars were still built more or less to the same basic plan as those of the spanish armada of two centuries earlier although there had been numerous subtle improvements in ship design and construction throughout this period for instance the introduction of tumblehome adjustments to the shapes of sails and hulls the introduction of the wheel the introduction of hardened copper fastenings below the waterline the introduction of copper sheathing as a deterrent to shipworm and fouling etc 70 page needed industrial revolution edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message illustration of some shipbuilding methods in england 1858 babbitt s rotary engine initially copying wooden construction traditions with a frame over which the hull was fastened isambard kingdom brunel s great britain of 1843 was the first radical new design being built entirely of wrought iron despite her success and the great savings in cost and space provided by the iron hull compared to a copper sheathed counterpart there remained problems with fouling due to the adherence of weeds and barnacles as a result composite construction remained the dominant approach where fast ships were required with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame cutty sark is a famous example later great britain s iron hull was sheathed in wood to enable it to carry a copper based sheathing brunel s great eastern represented the next great development in shipbuilding built in association with john scott russell it used longitudinal stringers for strength inner and outer hulls and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments steel also supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century providing great savings when compared with iron in cost and weight wood continued to be favored for the decks a welder building a prefabricated ship in hessle england during world war ii during world war ii the need for cargo ships was so great that construction time for liberty ships went from initially eight months or longer down to weeks or even days they employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today the total number of dry cargo ships built in the united states in a 15 year period just before the war was a grand total of two during the war thousands of liberty ships and victory ships were built many of them in shipyards that did not exist before the war and they were built by a workforce consisting largely of women and other inexperienced workers who had never seen a ship before or even the ocean 71 72 73 worldwide shipbuilding industry edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message ms oasis of the seas the fifth largest passenger ship in the world under construction at the meyer turku shipyard in finland a ti class supertanker built by daewoo shipbuilding marine engineering in okpo dong south korea after world war ii shipbuilding which encompasses the shipyards the marine equipment manufacturers and many related service and knowledge providers grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world this importance stems f...
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