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nts are typically the same as for the alveolar consonants but with the addition of a right facing hook to the bottom of the symbol retroflex consonants are transcribed in the international phonetic alphabet as follows ipa description example language orthography ipa meaning ɳ̊ voiceless retroflex nasal iaai 5 hnr athu ɳ̊ aθu cold ɳ voiced retroflex nasal punjabi ਗਾ ਣਾ گا ݨ ا ˈgaː ɳ aˑ song telugu ప ణ ము pa ɳ amu stake bet swedish väne rn ˈvæːnɛ ɳ vänern ʈ voiceless retroflex plosive hindi urdu टां ग ٹ انگ ʈ aːŋg leg telugu టె క్కెము ʈ ekːkemu banner pennant ɖ voiced retroflex plosive somali ban dh ig banː ɖ ig presentation hindi urdu ड ब्बा ڈ با ɖ əbːaː box telugu డ గ్గర ɖ agːgara phantom apparition ʈ͡ʂ voiceless retroflex affricate torwali ڇ ووو ʈ͡ʂuwu to sew ɖ͡ʐ voiced retroflex affricate yi ꎐ rr y ɖ͡ʐɪ tooth ʂ voiceless retroflex fricative mandarin 上海 sh ànghǎi ʂ ɑ̂ŋ xàɪ shanghai sanskrit भा षा bʱɑ́ː ʂ ɑː language telugu మి ష mi ʂ a pretext ʐ voiced retroflex fricative russian ж аба ˈ ʐ abə toad polish ż aba ˈ ʐ aba frog ɻ̊ voiceless retroflex non sibilant fricative ormuri 6 example needed ɻ voiced retroflex non sibilant fricative english eastern cape 7 r ed ɻ ed red ɻ voiced retroflex approximant tamil தமி ழ் t̪ɐmɨ ɻ tamil ɭ voiced retroflex lateral approximant tamil ஆ ள் ɑː ɭ person telugu నె ళ వు ne ɭ awu familiarity acquaintance swedish ka rl stad ˈkʰɑː ɭ sta karlstad ɽ̊ voiceless retroflex flap dhivehi a koshani ko ɽ̊͜r̊ ani cutting ɽ voiced retroflex flap hausa shaa r a ʃáː ɽ a sweeping hindi urdu कीच ड़ کیچ ڑ पहा ड़ پہا ڑ kiːt͡ʃə ɽ pəˈɦaː ɽ mud mountain ɽ͡r̥ voiceless retroflex trill dhivehi a 8 goshani ɡo ɽ̊ ani good ɽ͡r voiced retroflex trill wintu 9 boloy noṛ toṛoṛ boloj noɽr toɽoɽr ridge on a trail from hayfork to hyampom ̊ voiceless retroflex lateral flap wahgi example needed voiced retroflex lateral flap pashto ړ وند und blind marathi बा ळ ˈbɑː baby ꞎ voiceless retroflex lateral fricative toda pü ł̣ pʏːꞎ summer voiced retroflex lateral fricative ao 10 example needed ʈ͡ꞎ voiceless retroflex lateral affricate bhadarwahi ट्ळा ʈ͡ꞎaː three ɖ͡ voiced retroflex lateral affricate bhadarwahi है ड्ळ haiɖ͡ turmeric ʈʼ retroflex ejective stop yokuts ṭʼa yʼ ʈʼaːjˀ down feather ʈ͡ʂʼ retroflex ejective affricate gwichʼin etrʼuu ɛʈ͡ʂʼu arctic tern ᶑ̥ voiceless retroflex implosive ngiti example needed ᶑ voiced retroflex implosive ngadha modhe ˈmoᶑe good k͡ q͡ ɡ͡ ɢ͡ ŋ͡ ɴ͡ retroflex clicks central kung ɡ ú ᶢ ú water other conventions edit some linguists restrict these symbols for consonants with subapical palatal articulation in which the tongue is curled back and contacts the hard palate and use the alveolar symbols with the obsolete ipa underdot symbol for an apical post alveolar articulation ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ ẓ ḷ ɾ̣ ɹ̣ and use ᶘ ᶚ for laminal retroflex as in polish and russian 11 the latter are also often transcribed with a retraction diacritic as s̠ otherwise they are typically but inaccurately transcribed as if they were palato alveolar as ʃ consonants with more forward articulation in which the tongue touches the alveolar or postalveolar region rather than the hard palate can be indicated with the retracted diacritic minus sign below this occurs especially for s̠ ẕ other sounds indicated this way such as ṉ ḻ ḏ tend to refer to alveolo palatal rather than retroflex consonants occurrence edit although data are not precise about 20 percent of the world s languages contain retroflex consonants of one sort or another 12 about half of these possess only retroflex continuants with most of the rest having both stops and continuants retroflex consonants are concentrated in the indian subcontinent particularly in the indo aryan and dravidian languages but are found in other languages of the region as well such as the austroasiatic munda languages isolates burushaski nihali vedda languages of the andaman and nicobars like akajeru jarawa car nicobarese and sino tibetan dzongkha the nuristani languages of eastern afghanistan also have retroflex consonants among eastern iranian languages they are common in pashto wakhi sanglechi ishkashimi and munji yidgha they also occur in some other asian languages such as sino tibetan mandarin chinese and nuosu austronesian javanese and rukai uralic khanty languages austroasiatic vietnamese mongolic dongxiang hmong mien hmong korean and japonic miyakoan have an allophonic retroflex lateral kagoshima japanese has a ɽ in west asia the shihhi arabic variety also has a retroflex rhotic the other major concentration is in the indigenous languages of australia and the western pacific notably new caledonia here most languages have retroflex plosives nasals and approximants retroflex consonants are relatively rare in the european languages but occur in such languages as swedish norwegian and faroese in northern europe some romance languages of southern europe sardinian sicilian including calabrian and salentino venetian some italian dialects such as lunigianese in italy and some asturian dialects in spain and sibilants only several slavic languages polish russian serbo croatian slovak and sorbian in swedish and norwegian a sequence of r and a coronal consonant may be replaced by the coronal s retroflex equivalent the name martin is pronounced ˈmǎʈːɪn swedish or ˈmɑ̀ʈːɪn norwegian and nord north is pronounced ˈnuːɖ ⓘ in standard swedish and ˈnuːɽ in many varieties of norwegian that is sometimes done for several consonants in a row after an r hornstull is pronounced huːɳʂˈʈɵlː the retroflex approximant ɻ is present in some dialects of brazilian portuguese and is in free variation with the postalveolar approximant ɹ in many dialects of american english particularly in the midwestern united states polish and russian possess retroflex sibilants but no stops or liquids at this place of articulation retroflex consonants are largely absent from indigenous languages of the americas with the exception of the extreme south of south america an area in the southwestern united states as in hopi and o odham and in alaska and the yukon territory as in the athabaskan languages gwich in and hän in african languages retroflex consonants are also rare but reportedly occur in a few nilo saharan languages as well as in the bantu language makhuwa and some other varieties in southwest ethiopia phonemically distinctive retroflex consonants are found in bench and sheko two contiguous but not closely related omotic languages 13 there are several retroflex consonants that are implied by the international phonetic association in their handbook they give the example of ᶑ a retroflex implosive but when they requested an expansion of coverage of the international phonetic alphabet by unicode in 2020 they supported the addition superscript variants of not just ᶑ but of the retroflex lateral fricatives ꞎ and of the retroflex lateral flap and of the retroflex click release see latin extended f the lateral fricatives are explicitly provided for by extipa most of these sounds are not common but they all occur for example the iwaidja language of northern australia has a retroflex lateral flap ɺ̢ as well as a retroflex tap ɽ and retroflex lateral approximant ɭ and the dravidian language toda has a subapical retroflex lateral fricative ꞎ ɭ̊ and a retroflexed trill ɽr the ngad a language of flores has been reported to have a retroflex implosive ᶑ subapical retroflex clicks occur in central kung 14 and possibly in damin citation needed most languages with retroflex sounds typically have only one retroflex sound with a given manner of articulation citation needed an exception however is the toda language with a two way distinction among retroflex sibilants between apical post alveolar and subapical palatal see also edit hush consonant list of phonetics topics place of articulation retroflex approximant notes edit 1 2 some dialects maybe a fricative flap or a trill references edit lee wai sum 1999 an articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable initial sibilants and approximant in beijing mandarin icphs 14 pp 413 416 s2cid 51828449 东方语言学 第十五辑 in chinese 上海教育出版社 2015 pp 1 16 isbn 978 7 5444 6780 3 retrieved 2023 07 24 hardcastle william j laver john gibbon fiona e 2010 02 22 phonetic notation the handbook of phonetic sciences john wiley sons p 693 isbn 978 1 4051 4590 9 lccn 2009033872 oclc 430736646 ol 24461752m ladefoged peter maddieson ian 1996 the sounds of the world s languages oxford blackwell isbn 0 631 19815 6 ucla working papers in phonetics vol 53 55 p 212 novák ľubomír 2013 other eastern iranian languages problem of archaism and innovation in the eastern iranian languages phd prague charles university p 59 archived from the original on 2022 08 14 retrieved 2023 09 23 ladefoged maddieson 1996 165 maumoon yumna 2002 a general overview of the dhivehi language pdf male national centre for linguistic and historical research p 35 isbn 99915 1 032 x pitkin harvey 1984 wintu grammar university of california publications in linguistics vol 94 berkeley university of california press p 34 isbn 0 520 09612 6 gurubasave gowda k s 1972 ao naga phonetic reader thesis mysore central institute of indian languages laver john 1994 principles of phonetics cambridge university press isbn 0 521 45031 4 ol 22577661m ian maddieson with a chapter contributed by sandra ferrari disner patterns of sounds cambridge university press 1984 isbn 0 521 26536 3 breeze mary 1988 bechhaus gerst marianne serzisko fritz eds phonological features of gimira and dizi cushitic omotic papers from the international symposium on cushitic and omotic languages cologne january 6 9 1986 hamburg helmut buske verlag 473 487 isbn 9783871188909 ol 8987799m cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link scott abigail miller amanda namaseb levi sands bonny shah sheena june 2 2010 retroflex clicks in two dialects of ǃxung university of botswana department of african languages external links edit silke hamann s dissertation on retroflex consonants archived 2012 02 20 at the wayback machine retroflex consonant harmony in south asia by paul arsenault v t e articulation articulatory phonetics co articulation international phonetic alphabet place labial bilabial labiodental dentolabial coronal linguolabial interdental dental denti alveolar alveolar postalveolar retroflex active place apical laminal subapical dorsal alveolo palatal palatal velar uvular laryngeal pharyngeal epiglottal glottal double articulation labial coronal labial alveolar labial retroflex labial palatal labial velar labial uvular coronal velar uvular epiglottal pathological velopharyngeal other bidental manner obstruent plosive pre plosion lateral release nasal release unreleased affricate trilled fricative sibilant sonorant nasal prenasal vowel nasal strident approximant semivowel vibrant tap flap trill liquid rhotic lateral occlusive continuant nonexplosive airstream egressive pulmonic ingressive glottalic ejective implosive click pulmonic ejective nasal glottalized percussive secondary articulation labialization roundedness palatalization labio palatalization velarization uvularization pharyngealization related nasalization sulcalization phonation voice glottal voiceless tenuis whispery aspirated preaspirated breathy slack modal stiff creaky glottalized supra glottal faucal harsh register whistle falsetto vocal fry transitional vibrato passaggio resonance onset time v t e international phonetic alphabet chart ipa topics ipa international phonetic association history of the alphabet extensions for disordered speech extipa voice quality symbols voqs journal of the ipa jipa special topics cursive forms case variants obsolete and nonstandard symbols naming conventions sinological extensions world orthography ipa chart for english dialects encodings ascii encodings sampa x sampa usenet ascii ipa tipa phonetic symbols in unicode ipa number ipa braille consonants pulmonic consonants place labial coronal dorsal laryngeal manner bi labial labio dental linguo labial dental alveolar post alveolar retro flex alve olo palatal velar uvular pharyn geal epi glottal glottal nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̪̊ n̪ n̥ n n̠̊ n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ sibilant affricate t̪s̪ d̪z̪ ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ non sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊ d̠ɹ̠ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh sibilant fricative s̪ z̪ s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ non sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊ ɹ̠ ɻ̊ ɻ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ approximant β̞ ʋ ð̞ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ tap flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r r̠ ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d c ɟʎ̝ k ɡʟ̝ lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɬ ɮ ꞎ ʎ̝ ʟ̝ lateral approximant l̪ l̥ l l̠ ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠ lateral tap flap ɺ̥ ɺ ̊ ʎ̆ ʟ̆ ipa help audio full chart template symbols to the right in a cell are voiced to the left are voiceless shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible non pulmonic consonants bl ld d a pa rf p v u implosive voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ ejective stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ lateral affricate tɬʼ c ʼ k ʼ q ʼ lateral fricative ɬʼ click top velar bottom uvular tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k q kǂ qǂ voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ ɢ ɡǂ ɢǂ nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ ɴ ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ ipa help audio full chart template co articulated consonants nasal n͡m labial alveolar ɳ͡m labial retroflex ŋ͡m labial velar plosive t͡p d͡b labial alveolar ʈ͡p ɖ͡b labial retroflex k͡p ɡ͡b labial velar q͡ʡ uvular epiglottal q͡p labial uvular fricative approximant ɥ̊ ɥ labialized palatal ʍ w labialized velar ɧ sj sound variable lateral approximant ɫ velarized alveolar implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ labial velar ejective t͡pʼ labial alveolar ipa help full chart template other voiceless bidental fricative h̪͆ voiceless bilabially post trilled dental stop t̪ʙ̥ voiceless upper pharyngeal plosive ʡ̟ voiced upper pharyngeal plosive ʡ̟̬ bilabial percussive ʬ bidental percussive ʭ sublaminal lower alveolar percussive vowels front central back close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u near close ɪ ʏ ʊ close mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ near open æ ɐ open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ ipa help audio full chart template legend unrounded rounded v t e latin script history spread romanization roman numerals ligatures alphabets list classical latin alphabet iso basic latin alphabet phonetic alphabets international phonetic alphabet x sampa spelling alphabet letters list letters of the iso basic latin alphabet aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ii jj kk ll mm nn oo pp qq rr ss tt uu vv ww xx yy zz additional latin letters æ æ ɑ ɑ ʌ ʌ ꞵ ꞵ ð ð ẟ ɛ ɛ ə ə ǝ ə ɣ ɣ ƣ ƣ ɩ ɩ ɥ ɥ ŋ ŋ œ œ ɔ ɔ ɤ kʼ ĸ ʀ ʀ ß ß ʃ ʃ ɯ ɯ ʊ ʊ ꞷ ꞷ ʋ ʋ ƿ ƿ ȝ ȝ θ θ ʒ ʒ ƹ ƹ þ þ ȣ ȣ ꭓ ꭓ ɂ ʔ ɂ ʕ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ ʘ ʻ ʼ ꞌ ꞌ ƨ ƨ ꜫ ꜫ ꜭ ꜭ ƽ ƽ ƅ ƅ 7 letters using retroflex hook sign ̢ ᶏ ɖɖ ᶒ ᶖ ɭ ɳ ʈʈ ᶙ ʐ multigraphs digraphs ch dz dž gh ij lj ll ly nh nj ny sh sz th trigraphs dzs eau tetragraphs ough keyboard layouts 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