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francisco become increasingly foggy and rainy these mountains are noted for their coast redwoods the tallest trees on earth which live within the range of the coastal fog central valley edit california s geography is largely defined by its central feature the central valley a huge fertile valley between the coastal mountain ranges and the sierra nevada the northern part of the central valley is called the sacramento valley after its main river and the southern part is called the san joaquin valley ˌ s æ n w ɑː ˈ k iː n after its main river the whole central valley is watered by mountain fed rivers notably the san joaquin kings and sacramento that drain to the san francisco bay system the rivers are sufficiently large and deep that several inland cities notably stockton and sacramento are seaports the southern tip of the valley has interior drainage and thus is not technically part of the valley at all tulare lake with an area of 570 square miles 1 476 km 2 once filled much of the area in modern times it is usually a dry lake and partially covered with agricultural fields the lake reappears during unusually high levels of rainfall or snow melt such as the winter of 2022 and early spring of 2023 sierra nevada edit little lakes valley in the eastern sierra nevada in the east of the state lies the sierra nevada which runs north south for 400 miles 640 km the highest peak in the contiguous united states mount whitney at 14 505 feet 4 42 km lies within the sierra nevada the topography of the sierra is shaped by uplift and glacial action the sierra has 200 250 sunny days each year warm summers fierce winters and varied terrain a rare combination of rugged variety and pleasant weather the famous yosemite valley lies in the central sierra the large deep freshwater lake tahoe lies to the north of yosemite the sierra is also home to the giant sequoia the most massive trees on earth the most famous hiking and horse packing trail in the sierra is the john muir trail which goes from the top of mount whitney to yosemite valley this is part of the pacific crest trail that goes from mexico to canada the three major national parks in this province are yosemite national park kings canyon national park and sequoia national park southern california edit the ten southernmost counties 17 california s mountain barrier 18 southern california may be defined by latitude or by significant mountain barriers main articles southern california and geography of southern california the term southern california usually refers to the ten southernmost counties which closely match the lower one third of california s span of latitude this definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35 47 28 north latitude which form the northern borders of san luis obispo kern and san bernardino counties geographically southern california is separated from the north by the transverse ranges and the sierra nevada range creating a significant biological barrier historically this barrier also limited human movement and commerce 19 18 20 southern california consists of a heavily developed urban environment home to some of the largest urban areas in the state along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped with over 22 million people roughly 60 of california s population resides in southern california it is the second largest urbanized region in the united states second only to the washington philadelphia new york boston northeastern megalopolis where these cities are dense with major downtown populations and significant rail and transit systems much of southern california is famous for its large spread out suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways the dominant areas are los angeles orange county san diego and riverside san bernardino each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area composed of numerous smaller cities and communities the urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of san diego tijuana created by the urban area spilling over into baja california southern california is noted for industries including the film industry residential construction entertainment industry and military aerospace other industries include software automotive ports finance tourism biomedical and regional logistics transverse ranges edit mount san gorgonio the highest mountain in southern california even after the snow melts in san bernardino the san bernardino mountains in the background retain the snow southern california is separated from the rest of the state by the east west trending transverse ranges the transverse ranges include a series of east west trending mountain ranges that extend from point conception at the western tip of santa barbara county eastward and a bit south to the east end of the san jacinto mountains in western riverside county the santa ynez mountains make up the westernmost ranges extending from point conception to the ventura river just west northwest of ojai in ventura county pine mountain ridge nordhoff ridge topatopa mountains rincon peak red mountain sulphur mountain santa paula ridge south mountain oat mountain santa susana mountains simi hills conejo mountains santa monica mountains are all part of the western transverse ranges in ventura and western los angeles counties the transverse ranges also include the tehachapi mountains which separate the central valley from the mojave desert the liebre mountains occupy the northwest corner of los angeles county and represent a northwestern extension of the san gabriel mountains both on the pacific plate side of the san andreas fault the fault divides the san gabriel mountains from the san bernardino mountains further to the east in san bernardino county urban southern california occupies the valleys between the santa susana mountains santa monica mountains and san gabriel mountains which range from the pacific coast eastward over 100 miles 160 km to the san bernardino mountains north of san bernardino the highest point of the range is mount san gorgonio at 11 499 feet 3 505 m the san gabriel mountains have mount wilson observatory where the redshift was discovered in the 1920s it is possible to surf in the pacific ocean and ski on a mountain during the same winter day in southern california mojave desert edit badwater basin the lowest point in north america at 279 feet 85 m there are harsh deserts in the southeast of california these deserts are caused by a combination of the cold offshore current which limits evaporation and the rain shadow of the mountains the prevailing winds blow from the ocean inland when the air passes over the mountains adiabatic cooling causes most water in the air to rain on the mountains when the air returns to sea level on the other side of the mountains it recompresses warms and dries parching the deserts when the wind blows from inland the resulting hot dry katabatic winds are called the santa ana winds the mojave desert is bounded by the peninsular tehachapi mountains on the northwest together with the san gabriel and the san bernardino mountains on the southwest these western boundaries are quite distinct forming the dominant pie slice shaped antelope valley in southern california the outlines of this valley are caused by the two largest faults in california the san andreas and the garlock the mojave desert extends eastward into the state of nevada the mojave desert receives less than 6 inches 150 mm of rain a year and is generally between 3 000 and 6 000 feet 1 000 and 2 000 m of elevation areas such as the antelope valley desert which is a high desert received snow each year in the past it could snow 2 3 times a year however recently snow level has declined significantly to once a year or less most of the towns and cities in the california portion of the mojave are relatively small except for palmdale and lancaster however some are quite famous like barstow a popular stop on the famous u s route 66 the mojave desert also contains the lowest hottest place in the americas death valley where temperature normally approaches 120 f 49 c in late july and early august peninsular ranges edit the southernmost mountains of california are the peninsular ranges which are east of san diego and continue into baja california mexico in the sierra san pedro martir the peninsular ranges contain the laguna mountains the san jacinto mountains the santa rosa mountains the santa ana mountains and the palomar mountain range notable for its famous palomar observatory san jacinto peak s eastern shoulder has a cable tram that runs from the desert floor to nearly the top of the mountain where riders can set off hiking or go cross country skiing colorado desert edit the coachella valley preserve to the east of the peninsular ranges lie the colorado and sonoran deserts which extend into arizona and mexico the ground elevation is generally lower and in some areas was compressed downward therefore the eastern coachella and imperial valleys north of the u s mexican border are below sea level the lowest community in the u s is calipatria california at 180 feet 55 m below sea level 21 one feature of the desert is the salton sea an inland lake that was formed in 1905 when a swollen colorado river breached a canal near the u s mexico border and flowed into the salton sink salton basin for almost two years today the salton sea a new version of historic lake cahuilla remains as california s largest lake pacific ocean edit the pacific ocean lies to the west of california owing to the long length of the state sea temperatures generally range from 50 f 10 c in the northernmost parts during winter to 70 f 21 c in the south coast during summer the lower seasonal temperature variance compared to the waters of the east coast is because of up welling deep waters with dissolved nutrients therefore sea life in and around california has examples of both arctic and tropical biotopes leaning more towards the latter in the south coast and vice versa the sea off california is remarkably fertile a murky green filled with a massive variety of fish rather than the clear dead blue of most tropical seas before 1930 there was an extremely valuable sardine herring fishery off monterey but this was depleted an event later famous as the background to john steinbeck s cannery row california s coastline is about 840 miles long the third longest coastline in the united states after alaska and florida geology edit main article geology of california faults volcanoes and tsunamis edit earthquakes occur due to faults that run the length of the pacific coast the largest being the san andreas fault major historical earthquakes include with the magnitudes listed 1906 san francisco earthquake magnitude 7 8 8 2 1971 san fernando earthquake magnitude 6 6 1989 loma prieta earthquake magnitude 6 9 7 1 1994 northridge earthquake magnitude 6 7 coastal cities are vulnerable to tsunamis from locally generated earthquakes as well as those elsewhere in the pacific ring of fire the great chilean earthquake tsunami 1960 killed one person and caused 500 000 to 1 000 000 of damage in los angeles damaged harbors in many coastal cities and flooded streets in crescent city 22 waves from the alaskan good friday earthquake of 1964 killed twelve people in crescent city and caused damage as far south as los angeles usgs has released the ucerf california earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in california california is also home to several volcanoes including lassen peak which erupted in 1914 and 1921 and mount shasta tectonics edit california when only partially explored by the spanish was once thought to be an island as when the southern baja california peninsula is approached from the gulf of california the land appears to the west it is expected through the motions of plate tectonics that the sea floor spreading now acting in the gulf of california also known as the sea of cortez will eventually extend through southern california and along the san andreas fault to below san francisco finally forming a long island in less than 150 million years for comparison this is also the approximate age of the atlantic ocean predictions suggest that this island will eventually collide with alaska after an additional 100 million years climate edit main article climate of california california map of köppen climate classification california s climate varies widely from arid to subarctic depending on latitude elevation and proximity to the coast coastal and southern parts of the state have a subtropical mediterranean climate with somewhat rainy winters and dry summers the influence of the ocean generally moderates temperature extremes creating warmer winters and substantially cooler summers especially along the coastal areas the state is subject to coastal storms during the winter eastern california is subject to summertime thunderstorms caused by the north american monsoon dry weather during the rest of the year produces conditions favorable to wildfires california hurricanes occur less frequently than their counterparts on the atlantic ocean higher elevations experience snowstorms in the winter months floods are occasionally caused by heavy rain storms and snowmelt steep slopes and unstable soil make certain locations vulnerable to landslides in wet weather or during earthquakes see also edit california counties and municipalities deserts of california ecology of california list of california 14 000 foot summits list of california state parks list of forts in california list of lakes in california list of mountain peaks of california list of mountain ranges of california list of regions of california list of rivers of california list of the major 3000 meter summits of california list of islands of california list of lakes of california list of beaches in california references edit barnard jeff may 19 1985 california oregon dispute border fight has townfolk on edge los angeles times klamath mountains peakbagger retrieved 2015 12 16 skinner c n taylor a h agee j k 2006 klamath mountains bioregion in sugihara n g van wagtendonk j w fites kaufman j shaffer k e thode a e eds fire in california s ecosystems berkeley ca university of california press pp 170 194 klamath siskiyou region california and oregon u s a north america regional centre of endemism smithsonian institution archived from the original on 2011 06 06 retrieved 2011 11 26 beckey fred w 2000 cascade alpine guide columbia river to stevens pass mountaineers press p 11 singh pratap haritashya umesh kumar 2011 encyclopedia of snow ice and glaciers springer p 111 1 2 harris stephen l 2005 fire mountains of the west the cascade and mono lake volcanoes 3rd ed mountain press publishing company isbn 978 0 87842 220 3 eruptions of lassen peak united states geological survey fact sheet 173 98 retrieved 2011 11 26 1 2 3 4 5 modoc plateau region pdf california wildlife action plan california department of fish and game 2007 archived from th...
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