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he title of rulers in common but only to those who actually perform the duty of rulers by exercising a reasonable and just authority for the good of human society the notion that british rulers were not virtuous nor exercising their authority for the good of human society prompted the colonial desire to protect and reestablish republican values in government this need to protect virtue was a philosophical underpinning of the american revolution 28 founding fathers edit the founding fathers were strong advocates of republican values especially samuel adams patrick henry george washington thomas paine benjamin franklin john adams thomas jefferson james madison and alexander hamilton 29 thomas jefferson defined a republic as a government by its citizens in mass acting directly and personally according to rules established by the majority and that every other government is more or less republican in proportion as it has in its composition more or less of this ingredient of the direct action of the citizens such a government is evidently restrained to very narrow limits of space and population i doubt if it would be practicable beyond the extent of a new england township the first shade from this pure element which like that of pure vital air cannot sustain life of itself would be where the powers of the government being divided should be exercised each by representatives chosen for such short terms as should render secure the duty of expressing the will of their constituents this i should consider as the nearest approach to a pure republic which is practicable on a large scale of country or population we may say with truth and meaning that governments are more or less republican as they have more or less of the element of popular election and control in their composition and believing as i do that the mass of the citizens is the safest depository of their own rights and especially that the evils flowing from the duperies of the people are less injurious than those from the egoism of their agents i am a friend to that composition of government which has in it the most of this ingredient 30 the founding fathers discoursed endlessly on the meaning of republicanism john adams in 1787 defined it as a government in which all men rich and poor magistrates and subjects officers and people masters and servants the first citizen and the last are equally subject to the laws 31 virtue versus commerce edit the open question as pocock suggested 32 of the conflict between personal economic interest grounded in lockean liberalism and classical republicanism troubled americans jefferson and madison roundly denounced the federalists for creating a national bank as tending to corruption and monarchism alexander hamilton staunchly defended his program arguing that national economic strength was necessary for the protection of liberty jefferson never relented but by 1815 madison switched and announced in favor of a national bank which he set up in 1816 john adams often pondered the issue of civic virtue writing mercy otis warren in 1776 he agreed with the greeks and the romans that public virtue cannot exist without private and public virtue is the only foundation of republics adams insisted there must be a positive passion for the public good the public interest honor power and glory established in the minds of the people or there can be no republican government nor any real liberty and this public passion must be superior to all private passions men must be ready they must pride themselves and be happy to sacrifice their private pleasures passions and interests nay their private friendships and dearest connections when they stand in competition with the rights of society 33 adams worried that a businessman might have financial interests that conflicted with republican duty indeed he was especially suspicious of banks he decided that history taught that the spirit of commerce is incompatible with that purity of heart and greatness of soul which is necessary for a happy republic but so much of that spirit of commerce had infected america in new england adams noted even the farmers and tradesmen are addicted to commerce as a result there was a great danger that a republican government would be very factious and turbulent there 34 other influences edit a second stream of thought growing in significance was the classical liberalism of john locke including his theory of the social contract this had a great influence on the revolution as it implied the inborn right of the people to overthrow their leaders should those leaders betray the agreements implicit in the sovereign follower relationship historians find little trace of jean jacques rousseau s influence in america 35 in terms of writing state and national constitutions the americans used montesquieu s analysis of the ideally balanced british constitution but first and last came a commitment to republicanism as shown by many historians such as bernard bailyn and gordon s wood 36 for a century historians have debated how important republicanism was to the founding fathers the interpretation before 1960 following progressive school historians such as charles a beard vernon l parrington and arthur m schlesinger sr downplayed rhetoric as superficial and looked for economic motivations louis hartz refined the position in the 1950s arguing john locke was the most important source because his property oriented liberalism supported the materialistic goals of americans 37 in the 1960s and 1970s two new schools emerged that emphasized the primacy of ideas as motivating forces in history rather than material self interest bernard bailyn gordon wood from harvard formed the cambridge school at washington university the st louis school was led by j g a pocock they emphasized slightly different approaches to republicanism 38 however some scholars especially isaac kramnick and the late joyce appleby continue to emphasize locke arguing that americans are fundamentally individualistic and not devoted to civic virtue the relative importance of republicanism and liberalism remains a topic of strong debate among historians as well as the politically active of the present day other issues in republicanism edit part of a series on conservatism in the united states schools compassionate fiscal fusion liberal libertarian movement nationalist christian neo paleo postliberal progressive social straussian traditionalist western principles american exceptionalism anti communism constitutionalism familialism family values federalism states rights judeo christian values law and order militarism peace through strength natalism anti abortion natural aristocracy natural law ordered liberty patriotism property rights republicanism right to bear arms rule of law supply side economics zionism christian history loyalists federalist era southern chivalry redeemers boston brahmins solid south new humanism dunning school southern agrarians old right conservative manifesto conservative coalition la folletteism america first committee mccarthyism goldwater campaign new right reagan era reagan doctrine reaganomics republican revolution tea party movement neo vs paleoconservatism agenda 47 intellectuals adams anton babbitt bacevich bell bellow bloom boorstin buckley burnham calhoun chambers conquest deneen eliot francis george genovese gottfried hanson hardin hazony himmelfarb hoppe huntington hurston jaffa kimball kirk russell kirkpatrick knight kristol laffer kuehnelt leddihn lind lovecraft loury lukacs mansfield meyer murray nisbet ransom rieff rushdoony santayana schaeffer sowell strauss vermeule viereck voegelin weaver wolfe politicians abbott adams bolton buchanan bush george h w bush george w calhoun clay cleveland cheney coolidge cruz desantis dirksen dole eisenhower gingrich goldwater graham hamilton harding helms hoover huckabee johnson kissinger lodge luce mccain mccarthy joseph mccarthy kevin mcconnell mckinley meese nixon palin paul rand paul 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political views o keefe peale park phillips posobiec powell raichik reed regnery roberts kevin rove rufo scaife schlafly andrew schlafly phyllis stone thiel thomas ginni weyrich wiles literature the federalist papers 1788 democracy in america 1835 1840 i ll take my stand 1930 the managerial revolution 1941 ideas have consequences 1948 god and man at yale 1951 witness 1952 the conservative mind 1953 the conscience of a conservative 1960 a choice not an echo 1964 a conflict of visions 1987 the closing of the american mind 1987 the death of the west 2001 hillbilly elegy 2016 the benedict option 2017 why liberalism failed 2018 parties active american party conservative party ny state constitution party republican party defunct anti masonic party constitutional union party democratic party historically factions boll weevils bourbon democrats conservative democrats dixiecrats reagan democrats southern democrats rhode island suffrage party federalist party national progressives of america 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cultural renewal tppf other afl atlas network bradley impact fund cn conservamerica donors trust fedsoc ncpac pji tpaction sacr yrnf ziklag movements asian and pacific islander black christian right female green hispanic and latino lgbtq maga trumpism never trump militia movement monarchism parental rights movement fathers rights patriot movement radical right reaganism right libertarianism paleolibertarianism secessionism neo confederates texas related barstool conservatism bibliography of us conservatism conservative talk radio list of american conservatives timeline of modern american conservatism conservatism portal united states portal v t e republican as party name edit in 1792 93 jefferson and madison created a new republican party in order to promote their version of the doctrine they wanted to suggest that hamilton s version was illegitimate 39 according to federalist noah webster a political activist bitter at the defeat of the federalist party in the white house and congress the choice of the name republican was a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party the influence of names on the mass of mankind was never more distinctly exhibited than in the increase of the democratic party in the united states the popularity of the denomination of the republican party was more than a match for the popularity of washington s character and services and contributed to overthrow his administration 40 the party which political scientists later called the democratic republican party split into separate factions in the 1820s one of which became the democratic party after 1832 the democrats were opposed by another faction that named themselves whigs after the patriots of the 1770s both of these parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism in the era of the second party system republican motherhood edit under the new government after the revolution republican motherhood became an ideal as exemplified by abigail adams and mercy otis warren the first duty of the republic...
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