Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
hong, kong, battle, of, royal, and, order, new, territories, kowloon, island, other, canadian, army, force, contents, background, aftermath, commemoration, see, also, notes, footnotes, bibliography, further, reading, external, links, allied, fall, casualties, massacres, war, crimes, subsequent, operations, response, by, the, government, awards, indian, singapore, artillery, navy, marines, air, forces,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (876), and (356), hong (199), kong (199), japanese (129), war (121), were (119), #battle (105), from (88), was (86), royal (60), 1941 (55), december (54), british (48), with (47), company (45), for (44), two (42), west (37), island (37), east (37), they (36), but (35), canadian (34), edit (34), 2014 (34), had (33), attack (32), regiment (32), that (32), killed (32), military (31), invasion (31), isbn (30), lai (30), rava (30), soldiers (30), ija (29), north (28), defence (28), gap (28), 229th (28), south (27), men (27), army (26), artillery (26), hill (26), world (25), japan (25), indian (25), 2nd (25), hkvdc (25), new (24), forces (23), three (23), all (22), who (22), force (22), this (21), retrieved (21), other (21), 1945 (21), university (21), also (21), his (21), which (21), press (20), fire (19), china (19), during (19), 978 (19), road (19), captured (19), their (19), stanley (19), tai (19), history (18), first (18), prisoners (18), crimes (18), pacific (18), bay (18), after (18), out (18), officers (18), 230th (18), brigade (18), one (17), campaign (17), until (17), rifles (17), into (17), wounded (17), second (16), line (16), french (16), casualties (16), maltby (16), chung (16), 7th (16), troops (16), only (16), winnipeg (16), grenadiers (16), station (16), headquarters (16), rajputs (16), canada (15), islands (15), air (15), occupation (15), 1944 (15), 2021 (15), 14th (15), punjab (15), wong (15), units (15), then (15), moved (15), towards (15), scots (15), united (14), chinese (14), 1942 (14), fall (14), soviet (14), general (14), 2005 (14), john (14), medical (14), battery (14), corps (14), battalion (14), while (14), lookout (14), 228th (14), 2017 (13), crime (13), africa (13), 1940 (13), kwong (13), including (13), jardine (13), would (13), order (13), articles (12), dead (12), january (12), government (12), surrender (12), allied (12), major (12), defenders (12), wan (12), garrison (12), them (12), held (12), area (12), along (12), tam (12), redoubt (12), november (11), operations (11), states (11), asia (11), philippines (11), 1943 (11), singapore (11), september (11), total (11), banham (11), report (11), advanced (11), its (11), territories (11), infantry (11), 1st (11), gun (11), began (11), mount (11), nei (11), missing (10), western (10), burma (10), front (10), changsha (10), german (10), regiments (10), through (10), archived (10), pdf (10), further (10), morning (10), fort (10), when (10), being (10), several (10), kowloon (10), point (10), engaged (10), under (9), may (9), links (9), colony (9), naval (9), union (9), britain (9), empire (9), camp (9), hms (9), 2011 (9), six (9), sai (9), robert (9), well (9), executed (9), been (9), commander (9), middlesex (9), sent (9), inch (9), wikipedia (8), battles (8), germany (8), offensive (8), italy (8), indochina (8), harbor (8), 114 (8), man (8), years (8), over (8), there (8), 1956 (8), personnel (8), nicholson (8), commonwealth (8), mission (8), command (8), number (8), died (8), colonel (8), battalions (8), fought (8), heavy (8), down (8), civilians (8), four (8), surrendered (8), attacked (8), destroyed (8), ordered (8), kai (8), august (7), link (7), cs1 (7), 2016 (7), india (7), companies (7), police (7), manchuria (7), dutch (7), eastern (7), hubei (7), christmas (7), thailand (7), france (7), volunteer (7), unit (7), forced (7), against (7), ocean (7), day (7), repulse (7), original (7), parker (7), machine (7), night (7), wordie (7), 1996 (7), duff (7), five (7), time (7), before (7), main (7), least (7), valley (7), murdered (7), near (7), aircraft (7), chan (7), back (7), shore (7), guns (7), assault (7), bridge (7), withdrew (7), boats (7), lawson (7), tak (7), page (6), external (6), national (6), society (6), chief (6), liberation (6), bombardment (6), romania (6), bombing (6), black (6), pearl (6), henan (6), italian (6), poland (6), city (6), free (6), aftermath (6), central (6), strategic (6), harbour (6), ranks (6), 962 (6), 209 (6), chi (6), issn (6), roland (6), july (6), not (6), june (6), rajput (6), ridge (6), 123 (6), group (6), memorial (6), those (6), coastal (6), victoria (6), peak (6), lost (6), raped (6), known (6), some (6), local (6), river (6), various (6), nurses (6), however (6), 3rd (6), around (6), hit (6), losses (6), action (6), afternoon (6), peninsula (6), defensive (6), supported (6), comprised (6), positions (6), reinforcements (6), abandoned (6), pillboxes (6), move (6), davis (6), toggle (5), use (5), commons (5), last (5), 2020 (5), october (5), list (5), involving (5), borneo (5), guangxi (5), project (5), famine (5), wake (5), finland (5), shanxi (5), greece (5), kingdom (5), malaya (5), resistance (5), massacre (5), plan (5), capture (5), young (5), march (5), canadians (5), official (5), association (5), charles (5), david (5), london (5), white (5), cross (5), minister (5), stacey (5), 2001 (5), captain (5), king (5), college (5), awarded (5), see (5), 1948 (5), others (5), became (5), despite (5), devil (5), 000 (5), same (5), happy (5), position (5), anti (5), are (5), cemetery (5), sham (5), shui (5), wallis (5), mtbs (5), successfully (5), pounder (5), elements (5), defended (5), red (5), hours (5), platoons (5), reservoir (5), rest (5), across (5), shoreline (5), crossed (5), sha (5), gunboats (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), about (4), additional (4), terms (4), using (4), wikidata (4), maint (4), names (4), date (4), short (4), airport (4), services (4), sino (4), law (4), garden (4), guam (4), gilbert (4), jubilee (4), blue (4), midway (4), madagascar (4), sea (4), raid (4), yugoslavia (4), mediterranean (4), belgium (4), netherlands (4), luxembourg (4), zaoyang (4), denmark (4), winter (4), operation (4), europe (4), atrocities (4), northeast (4), indies (4), republic (4), rape (4), changes (4), middle (4), awards (4), shanghai (4), sunk (4), 28250 (4), 16111 (4), libraries (4), case (4), doi (4), 2004 (4), butler (4), 2010 (4), george (4), oclc (4), york (4), harris (4), canton (4), yiu (4), lun (4), graves (4), commission (4), 1984 (4), crown (4), causeway (4), stephen (4), nai (4), salesian (4), far (4), 100 (4), help (4), post (4), defending (4), cameron (4), campaigns (4), more (4), hall (4), tong (4), ground (4), most (4), failed (4), tortured (4), firing (4), both (4), suffered (4), led (4), success (4), governor (4), 103 (4), article (4), stopped (4), hospital (4), ride (4), later (4), these (4), attempted (4), lam (4), water (4), gunners (4), navy (4), where (4), off (4), tankettes (4), damage (4), proceeded (4), batteries (4), withdraw (4), counterattack (4), advancing (4), support (4), armoured (4), cars (4), forward (4), landing (4), platoon (4), reinforce (4), engineers (4), era (4), arrived (4), reserve (4), landed (4), between (4), gin (4), 1938 (4), marines (4), than (4), 1937 (4), phase (4), planes (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), languages (3), conduct (3), policy (3), wikimedia (3), hidden (3), category (3), unsourced (3), wayback (3), location (3), long (3), april (3), english (3), different (3), org (3), public (3), women (3), people (3), chau (3), roads (3), declaration (3), emblem (3), parks (3), 1930s (3), imperial (3), bibliography (3), portal (3), end (3), manila (3), hungary (3), san (3), marshall (3), yunnan (3), aleutian (3), zhejiang (3), jiangxi (3), siege (3), anglo (3), syria (3), lebanon (3), shanggao (3), evacuation (3), yichang (3), 1939 (3), atlantic (3), albania (3), germans (3), norway (3), korea (3), bulgaria (3), newfoundland (3), australia (3), trials (3), response (3), final (3), civil (3), division (3), commanders (3), related (3), attacks (3), defences (3), story (3), 2009 (3), tony (3), background (3), points (3), 2006 (3), veterans (3), hand (3), film (3), board (3), 2003 (3), 300 (3), collapse (3), collection (3), studies (3), journal (3), macri (3), vol (3), loss (3), 1994 (3), 1951 (3), mackenzie (3), horne (3), 779 (3), carroll (3), 2007 (3), carew (3), 1960 (3), ansari (3), com (3), permanent (3), williams (3), ricardo (3), vancouver (3), columbia (3), osgoode (3), 7748 (3), 0203 (3), life (3), wo235 (3), overbays (3), pool (3), camps (3), prisoner (3), 2022 (3), work (3), cite (3), 129 (3), william (3), james (3), staff (3), nearly (3), 17th (3), plaque (3), osborn (3), sen (3), mun (3), decided (3), months (3), lieutenant (3), torture (3), refused (3), information (3), squad (3), such (3), toward (3), enemy (3), mainland (3), fell (3), subsequently (3), decision (3), sending (3), combat (3), estimated (3), many (3), sakai (3), eight (3), evening (3), field (3), continued (3), dawn (3), have (3), stated (3), saw (3), among (3), officer (3), 12th (3), 20th (3), ordnance (3), service (3), entered (3), used (3), 5th (3), according (3), within (3), 23rd (3), 947 (3), pillbox (3), section (3), 400 (3), high (3), given (3), eventually (3), wounds (3), hsu (3), evacuated (3), made (3), repulsed (3), broke (3), wanchai (3), dockyard (3), pushed (3), leighton (3), meanwhile (3), retreated (3), hold (3), midday (3), ammunition (3), bren (3), carriers (3), summit (3), fired (3), tamar (3), above (3), bombers (3), top (3), advance (3), late (3), mtb (3), sir (3), southeast (3), organized (3), leave (3), taikoo (3), way (3), power (3), rejected (3), aberdeen (3), base (3), yau (3), 11th (3), destroyer (3), chongqing (3), needle (3), drinker (3), moving (3), bombed (3), raf (3), alongside (3), torpedo (3), defend (3), minelayer (3), auxiliary (3), weeks (3), rather (3), threat (3), guinea (3), suiyuan (3), tools (3), subsection (3), table (2), legal (2), contact (2), privacy (2), utc (2), categories (2), coordinates (2), pages (2), 2018 (2), statements (2), needing (2), references (2), publisher (2), errors (2), ignored (2), multiple (2), authors (2), volume (2), written (2), description (2), wars (2), index (2), yale (2), authority (2), control (2), art (2), music (2), media (2), lgbt (2), honours (2), system (2), conservation (2), cheung (2), numbers (2), exchange (2), postal (2), food (2), special (2), administrative (2), joint (2), political (2), country (2), council (2), foreign (2), basic (2), villages (2), reservoirs (2), gardens (2), mountains (2), beaches (2), county (2), outline (2), document (2), berlin (2), hunan (2), hula (2), estonia (2), market (2), lapland (2), marino (2), ukraine (2), mariana (2), palau (2), ichi (2), kiev (2), changde (2), solomon (2), sicily (2), gorky (2), attu (2), guadalcanal (2), alamein (2), coral (2), greek (2), third (2), malayan (2), niʻihau (2), iran (2), lithuania (2), summer (2), crete (2), baltic (2), hundred (2), phoney (2), czechoslovakia (2), timeline (2), romanian (2), pows (2), korean (2), jews (2), ethiopia (2), manchukuo (2), iraq (2), state (2), axis (2), southern (2), algeria (2), brothels (2), treaty (2), settlement (2), territorial (2), repatriation (2), americas (2), events (2), opposition (2), australian (2), warfare (2), topics (2), leaders (2), international (2), uss (2), infamy (2), sinking (2), prince (2), kota (2), bharu (2), fields (2), prachuap (2), khiri (2), khan (2), 2019 (2), ruins (2), plain (2), philip (2), maurice (2), diary (2), current (2), version (2), internet (2), archive (2), 2008 (2), terry (2), copp (2), 2012 (2), commemorative (2), spatial (2), reading (2), linton (2), baptist (2), library (2), times (2), 1195 (2), 8472 (2), condon (2), ont (2), 1957 (2), turner (2), online (2), ottawa (2), 2015 (2), 362 (2), tim (2), wartime (2), sites (2), ishiwari (2), department (2), fung (2), ming (2), 1874 (2), chance (2), books (2), mateen (2), www (2), lyman (2), 225 (2), court (2), fanling (2), maryknoll (2), eucliff (2), hku (2), trial (2), collections (2), 1030 (2), 115 (2), internment (2), february (2), 121 (2), dec (2), lindsay (2), oliver (2), 105 (2), hostage (2), fortune (2), book (2), 465 (2), scott (2), kessler (2), angle (2), frank (2), higgs (2), mcdonald (2), harold (2), sweet (2), hugh (2), woods (2), sharp (2), cnac (2), hawaii (2), half (2), hour (2), rodéric (2), historical (2), 449 (2), 448 (2), museum (2), 144 (2), planning (2), execution (2), 573 (2), 38183 (2), gazette (2), 27th (2), defeat (2), still (2), explanation (2), prior (2), academy (2), house (2), dominion (2), footnotes (2), pilots (2), figures (2), taken (2), selwyn (2), clarke (2), 072 (2), 689 (2), 829 (2), 357 (2), notes (2), entrance (2), cenotaph (2), dedicated (2), commemorate (2), soldier (2), commemorates (2), colonial (2), granted (2), place (2), lei (2), commemoration (2), gallantry (2), carrying (2), numerous (2), efforts (2), get (2), him (2), amongst (2), pow (2), beheading (2), process (2), shot (2), douglas (2), posthumously (2), grenade (2), rushed (2), wrote (2), entirely (2), successful (2), run (2), 128 (2), 1946 (2), completed (2), 127 (2), christopher (2), reputation (2), justice (2), earlier (2), parliament (2), term (2), past (2), send (2), commissioner (2), cleared (2), any (2), following (2), trained (2), role (2), expected (2), lyon (2), mutilated (2), groups (2), guerrilla (2), limited (2), guerillas (2), takashi (2), served (2), tried (2), dongjiang (2), population (2), 38th (2), throughout (2), trenches (2), aid (2), subsequent (2), looted (2), private (2), include (2), rear (2), emergency (2), racecourse (2), stormed (2), scale (2), here (2), estimates (2), vary (2), another (2), deepwater (2), attached (2), 113 (2), bayoneted (2), fourteen (2), captives (2), 112 (2), 111 (2), sydney (2), rasc (2), male (2), finance (2), nationalist (2), took (2), survived (2), 108 (2), small (2), without (2), assistance (2), result (2), kill (2), female (2), fight (2), persons (2), quarry (2), named (2), reported (2), servicemen (2), 101 (2), learn (2), citations (2), sources (2), massacres (2), interned (2), buried (2), 267 (2), mainly (2), tau (2), 675 (2), 079 (2), 560 (2), interred (2), seven (2), commemorated (2), sailors (2), isolated (2), even (2), little (2), hotel (2), informed (2), intended (2), remaining (2), lines (2), village (2), midnight (2), injured (2), meeting (2), soon (2), remnants (2), type (2), leaving (2), bombarded (2), mortar (2), shouson (2), mound (2), inflicting (2), forcing (2), retreat (2), avoid (2), launched (2), managed (2), quickly (2), reaching (2), elsewhere (2), nearby (2), pumping (2), hills (2), encountered (2), lamma (2), cicala (2), developed (2), retake (2), brought (2), pok (2), unable (2), slopes (2), cover (2), rain (2), dark (2), next (2), unprepared (2), hksra (2), recapture (2), few (2), issued (2), holding (2), reached (2), pb1 (2), damaged (2), block (2), cecil (2), side (2), inflicted (2), able (2), strong (2), occupied (2), early (2), descended (2), approaching (2), ambushed (2), surrounded (2), outside (2), entire (2), behind (2), lyemun (2), surviving (2), nine (2), witnessed (2), cape (2), collinson (2), increased (2), less (2), wave (2), inshore (2), followed (2), destroying (2), headed (2), minimal (2), movement (2), offered (2), reconnaissance (2), offer (2), belcher (2), pinewood (2), commanded (2), brigadier (2), passage (2), southwest (2), located (2), hang (2), cedric (2), magazine (2), map (2), take (2), tsim (2), tsui (2), untenable (2), barracks (2), stonecutter (2), shing (2), patrols (2), 9th (2), flotilla (2), sun (2), yat (2), tide (2), cove (2), found (2), regimental (2), strength (2), just (2), themselves (2), vildebeest (2), boat (2), beginning (2), chun (2), center (2), happened (2), henry (2), andrew (2), request (2), fully (2), away (2), destroyers (2), almost (2), merchant (2), outbreak (2), detachment (2), cruiser (2), 564 (2), hostilities (2), community (2), turn (2), hainan (2), serious (2), allow (2), could (2), argued (2), theatre (2), 1931 (2), 1914 (2), tsingtao (2), 1895 (2), ryukyu (2), stevens (2), ellwood (2), railway (2), hengyang (2), nanshitou (2), ningbo (2), panjiayu (2), baotou (2), pass (2), tianjin (2), beiping (2), chahar (2), shootdown (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, available, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, gadget, wikiminiatlas, webarchive, template, periodical, permanently, value, dmy, dates, rule, https, php, title, battle_of_hong_kong, oldid, 1370443188, lux, israel, databases, sinosphere, cjkv, anglosphere, visual, television, sport, shopping, rthk, religion, holidays, youth, demographics, ngai, jong, museums, mcdull, literature, lion, rock, spirit, nationalism, orchid, heritage, graffiti, gambling, cuisine, bun, festival, comics, cinema, architecture, culture, sex, trafficking, prostitution, taxis, rail, ferries, cycling, buses, airlines, transport, tourism, hongs, telephone, communications, stock, codes, port, hawkers, employment, dollar, currency, banks, economy, healthcare, health, bureau, education, regions, protests, parties, systems, rights, legislative, judiciary, independence, relations, flag, elections, districts, executive, anthem, politics, rivers, peaks, marine, lakes, peninsulas, harbours, land, reclamation, ecology, towns, channels, buildings, structures, bays, areas, pollution, divisions, geography, 2020s, 2010s, 2000s, handover, 1990s, 1980s, 1970s, 1960s, 1950s, wwi, 1800s, bao, xin, prehistoric, potsdam, shumshu, kuril, sakhalin, debate, atomic, bombings, taipei, prague, spring, okinawa, bratislava, brno, vienna, iwo, jima, vistula, oder, bodenplatte, ardennes, budapest, syrmian, leyte, vietnamese, pointblank, crossbow, belgrade, gothic, dragoon, paris, warsaw, uprising, tannenberg, bagration, neptune, overlord, kohima, imphal, narva, korsun, cherkassy, anzio, monte, cassino, tempest, bengal, makin, tarawa, northern, armistice, cassibile, dnieper, cottage, smolensk, kursk, tunisian, torch, rzhev, kokoda, track, stalingrad, kiska, gazala, doolittle, nazaire, java, incident, sevastopol, moscow, leningrad, silver, fox, african, iraqi, compass, somaliland, dunkirk, norwegian, himmler, munich, agreement, anschluss, remilitarisation, rhineland, khalkhin, gol, italo, ethiopian, prelude, polish, azerbaijan, finnish, viet, minh, quốc, dân, đảng, vietnam, slovakia, latvia, czech, lands, austria, yemen, vatican, turkey, tibet, switzerland, sweden, spain, saudi, arabia, portugal, monaco, liechtenstein, ireland, bhutan, andorra, afghanistan, neutral, collaboration, guangzhouwan, vichy, slovak, mengjiang, social, azad, hind, reich, independent, croatia, wang, jingwei, protectorate, puerto, rico, tuva, rhodesia, sierra, leone, zealand, mexico, liberia, formerly, swaziland, eswatini, cuba, brazil, allies, participants, marocchinate, comfort, sook, ching, serbia, sexual, violence, persecution, genocide, serbs, croatian, prosecution, 731, nanjing, nuremberg, holocaust, wehrmacht, labour, nations, respect, occupations, paperclip, osoaviakhim, keelhaul, cossacks, citizens, indonesian, revolution, expulsion, decolonization, cold, theaters, weather, puppet, mulberry, cooperation, technology, nazi, plunder, production, equipment, contribution, manhattan, lend, lease, home, governments, exile, diplomacy, declarations, cryptography, comparative, blitzkrieg, conferences, peterel, shipwrecks, speech, wales, kuala, lumpur, kampar, jitra, gurun, vigan, lingayen, gulf, legazpi, lamon, davao, batan, aparri, clark, iba, rangoon, shelling, johnston, palmyra, surprise, sight, doddridge, memories, uninvited, fascinating, finds, himself, caught, horrific, captivity, lived, 25th, detailed, actual, tribute, coy, battlefield, tour, interest, research, 299, 163, participation, ww2, bbc, documentary, testimony, distributed, savage, has, snow, haven, 10373, burton, annapolis, institute, 59114, 096, fortnight, airpower, 960, shall, suffer, imprisoned, suzannah, 2023, data, websites, associated, apologizes, 0289, newspapers, patients, 159971599, s2cid, 261075, jstor, 0022, 0094, 1177, 002200949703200104, contemporary, journals, vincent, carl, 1981, stittsville, wings, 920002, reason, why, tragedy, examination, woodburn, kirby, series, 84574, 060, hmso, barbara, sue, oxford, 9780195852875, turbans, traders, communities, frayn, pen, sword, barnsley, havertown, casemate, 78340, 981, 1955, rev, 917731527, year, waterloo, wilfrid, laurier, 88920, journey, brian, bloomington, trafford, 4269, 4604, traitor, chatto, windus, 59637091, epic, compton, benjamin, giuseppe, osprey, 78200, 268, strike, keung, jason, publishing, 9789620413728, guide, battlefields, heizō, monograph, 17807, washington, office, 938077822, gerald, 0814736418, race, supremacy, illus, 734, reluctant, heroes, rickshaw, pullers, 1954, tsoi, 9789888208715, fortress, 1840, 1970, critical, issues, lanham, rowman, littlefield, 74253, 421, concise, anthony, blond, ltd, 9622097804, slightest, cwgc, ahmed, oswald, 1998, matthews, clifford, 195, 231, 314, 472, dispersal, renewal, defencejournal, web, nic, 255, printer, expeditionary, 223, bushnell, ian, 1992, mcgill, queen, 265, 7735, 0851, 263, captive, study, supreme, orphange, 262, 1107, gen, ito, takeo, tanaka, ryosaburo, 220, remembered, 2025, antiquities, advisory, 488, 316, saleroom, scarce, havildar, amir, recollections, 1991, 7295, asiatic, branch, 227, 214, database, hongkongwardiary, ferguson, ted, 1980, scarborough, doubleday, 151, 152, 168, 601524, desperate, 133, luff, 1967, 205901, raghavan, srinath, 234, 03022, making, modern, eyewitness, accounts, http, majority, zones, 137, afp, wwii, sacrifice, jean, baptiste, étienne, égal, 315, johnson, briton, prints, 0306, 154x, incompatibility, jones, foreword, uckfield, firepower, 258, 259, 261, 1845740313, coast, 145, scudieri, school, leavenworth, implications, simultaneous, 165, 219, stewart, autumn, cries, aloud, explaining, dispatch, stobie, biblioscholar, 1249373070, reappraisal, intelligence, parts, 318, debates, 1168, 330, p316, chicago, daily, director, shrine, statue, anonymous, statuary, visible, shield, 1959, featured, battlement, design, coat
Text of the page (random words):
had been wounded and the force withdrew toward stanley on the north shore elements of the 230th regiment pushed west reaching victoria park while japanese artillery bombarded hms tamar maltby ordered a further attack on wong nei chung gap by a force comprising four platoons but when the commander saw the ija forces in the area he cancelled the attack 83 on the 22nd the 2 229th moved west from shouson hill and captured pb14 on the shore of deepwater bay from elements of the 1st middlesex and then proceeded to behead all the prisoners two battalions of the 229th attacked the repulse bay hotel while the 1 229th and 1 230th pushed the remnants of the east brigade back into the stanley peninsula the east brigade formed three defensive lines the first line was composed of elements of the 1st middlesex three companies of the royal rifles and one company of the hkvdc supported by one 2 pounder gun the second line at stanley village comprised two companies of the 1st middlesex a company of the hkvdc and the stanley company of the hkvdc supported by two 18 pounder and 2 pounder guns and at stanley fort were two hkvdc artillery batteries and two royal artillery batteries with two 18 pounder two 3 7 inch and 9 2 inch and 6 inch coastal guns on the north shore west brigade forces struggled to hold the line from causeway bay through leighton hill happy valley and mount cameron down to bennett s hill on the south of the island at midday the japanese attacked stanley mound and sugarloaf hill defended by units of the royal rifles after repulsing several attacks low ammunition forced the defenders to withdraw the japanese began their assault on the southern flank of mt cameron inflicting severe losses on b company 2 14th punjab but the penetration was stopped by a counterattack by b company 4 7th rajputs in the north after an intensive artillery bombardment the japanese broke through the defensive line south of leighton hill at 22 00 forcing the defenders to start abandoning their positions and retreat west to avoid encirclement 84 at 08 00 on the 23rd the 5 7th rajputs fell back leaving the 1st middlesex units on leighton hill isolated and the japanese bombarded them with mortar fire meanwhile the remaining defenders on the north shore retreated west to mount gough with the main water reservoirs now controlled by the ija and with artillery damage to pipes water supplies began to run out 85 on the 24th the royal rifles were withdrawn to the defensive lines at stanley the ija forces attacked down the tai tam road but were repulsed a second attack began at 21 00 supported by three type 94 tankettes two of which were destroyed by a 2 pounder fire the outer defensive line broke and no 2 company hkvdc was forced back to stanley village with heavy losses at midnight the japanese penetrated the second defence line and entered the field hospital at st stephen s college and in the st stephen s college massacre tortured and killed a large number of injured soldiers along with the medical staff 86 87 on the north shore the 230th regiment advanced through wanchai meeting resistance at the china fleet club but this was soon overcome and the regiment advanced on the dockyard in happy valley the remnants of the 5 7th rajputs were pushed back from the happy valley racecourse off mount parish and out of wanchai market 88 fall of hong kong edit the surrender of british forces in hong kong 25 december 1941 on christmas morning young informed chan of his intent to surrender chan intended to break out and was given command of the five remaining mtbs 68 men including chan hsu and david mercer macdougall were successfully evacuated to mirs bay where they contacted nationalist guerrillas and were escorted to huizhou for this feat chan was made an honorary knight commander of the order of the british empire 35 by the afternoon of 25 december 1941 it was clear that further resistance would be futile and at 15 30 governor young and general maltby surrendered in person to general sakai at the japanese headquarters on the third floor of the peninsula hotel at stanley wallis refused to surrender without a written order and this was received by him at 02 30 on the 26th 88 isolated pockets held out even longer and the central ordnance munitions depot known as little hong kong surrendered on 27 december this was the first occasion on which a british crown colony had surrendered to an invading force 89 the garrison had held out for 17 days this day is known in hong kong as black christmas 90 aftermath edit casualties edit sai wan war cemetery the japanese officially reported 675 men killed and 2 079 wounded western estimates go as high as 1 895 dead and 6 000 casualties overall allied casualties were 1 111 men killed 1 167 missing and 1 362 wounded 91 sources vary other figures given include 1 045 killed 1 068 missing and 2 300 wounded 92 as well as 1 560 killed or missing 93 allied dead including british canadian and indian soldiers were eventually interred at sai wan military cemetery and the stanley military cemetery total battle casualties of indian other ranks is given to be 1 164 out of a total of 3 893 military personnel from india who were garrisoned in hong kong the 5 7 rajput bore the heaviest losses 94 95 recorded amongst the 6 combat regiments during the battle of hong kong 156 killed in action or died from wounds 113 missing and 193 wounded 96 the 2 14 punjab had 55 killed in action or died from wounds 69 missing and 161 wounded 97 c force casualties in the battle were 23 officers and 267 other ranks killed or died of wounds including five officers and 16 other ranks of the brigade headquarters seven officers and 123 men of the royal rifles and 11 officers and 128 men of the winnipeg grenadiers c force also had 28 officers and 465 men wounded some of the dead were murdered by japanese soldiers during or after surrender japanese soldiers committed a number of atrocities on 19 december when the aid post at the salesian mission near sau ki wan was overrun 98 a total of 1 528 soldiers mainly commonwealth predominantly indians and canadians are either buried or commemorated there there are also graves of other allied combatants who died in the region during the war including some dutch sailors who were re interred in hong kong after the war at the end of february 1942 the japanese government stated that numbers of prisoners of war in hong kong were british 5 072 canadian 1 689 indian 3 829 others 357 a total of 10 947 4 they were sent to sham shui po pow camp argyle street camp for officers north point camp primarily for canadians and royal navy ma tau chung camp 99 for indian soldiers yokohama camp in japan fukuoka camp in japan osaka camp in japan of the canadians captured during the battle 267 subsequently perished in japanese prisoner of war camps mainly due to neglect and abuse in december 2011 toshiyuki kato japan s parliamentary vice minister for foreign affairs apologised for the mistreatment to a group of canadian veterans of the battle of hong kong 100 civilians were interned at the stanley internment camp initially there were 2 400 internees although this number was reduced by repatriations during the war interned persons who died and prisoners executed by the japanese are buried in stanley military cemetery massacres and other war crimes edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2020 learn how and when to remove this message a british pillbox near jardine s lookout the 23rd army s conduct in hong kong was characterized by brutality numerous and widespread war crimes were reported against both allied servicemen nurses and civilians 101 102 an estimated 10 000 hong kong civilians were executed during the three years and eight months of occupation while many others were tortured raped or mutilated 103 like other prisoners of war captured by the japanese the 10 947 prisoners of war captured in hong kong were subjected to murder torture both physical and psychological beatings extrajudicial punishment slavery starvation rations and poor medical treatment 101 hong kong island edit three captured persons were executed at quarry bay including a female air raid warden named ada baldwin who was with the local air raid precautions arp after the fall of the medical station near the west brigade command post ten stretcher bearers of the st john ambulance within the station were killed as well as a policeman and a medic from the royal army medical corps four men of a company winnipeg grenadiers were bayoneted after the battle at jardine s lookout 104 one grenadier private kilfoyle was killed on the forced march to north point according to witnesses four men were killed in the so called black hole of hong kong a mess hut at the wongneichong aa battery including two canadian officers in the evening of 18 19 december 1941 surrendered gunners of the 5th battery hong kong volunteer defence corps hkvdc and 5th heavy anti aircraft regiment at sai wan aa battery were murdered by japanese soldiers of no 6 company the 2nd battalion 229th infantry regiment in total 28 are killed some may have died in the fight for the position 105 in the morning of 19 december 1941 japanese soldiers of the 2nd battalion or 3rd battalion 229th infantry regiment murdered medical personnel and wounded soldiers who were captured at salesian mission which was used as an emergency hospital the japanese soldiers attempted to kill all male prisoners of wars and released two female nurses in total 16 were killed 106 from 19 to 20 december 1941 surrendered british and commonwealth soldiers from various units were kept in a small shed near the anti aircraft gun battery without food water and medical assistance they were hit by shells and some were killed as the result in wong nai chung gap the japanese troops responsible for this probably came from the 230th and 229th regiments in total at least 16 were killed 107 around thirty civilians of different ethnicities were massacred at no 42 blue pool road on 22 december 108 when the soldiers of the 230th infantry regiment entered blue pool road from the south they murdered civilians including local businessmen lam ming fan and three male relatives of his family as well a number of ministry of finance officials of the nationalist chinese government who took refuge in the houses along the road tang shiu kin a prominent businessman and philanthropist who was at the same spot survived the massacre 109 on 23 december 1941 british and commonwealth soldiers from various units led by lt col robert macpherson attempted to surrender but were killed by japanese soldiers of the no 6 company 2nd battalion of the 229th infantry regiment at the ridge in repulse bay at least 47 were killed and most of the killed prisoners of war were wounded soldiers 110 among the dead was major charles sydney clarke of china command hq two men of the 12th and 20th coastal regiments of the royal artillery ra six men of the royal army service corps rasc and two of the royal canadian army service corps rcasc nineteen men of the royal army ordnance corps raoc and three of the royal canadian ordnance corps rcoc and fourteen men of the rasc company of the hkvdc on 23 december 1941 wounded soldiers from various units were bayoneted at overbays by japanese soldiers of the 3rd battalion 229th infantry regiment the japanese troops also set fire on the building 111 the japanese executed at least fourteen captives men of the same units as at the ridge but also including three royal rifles of canada and an officer of the 1st middlesex 112 ride who was present at the surrender stated later that he saw fifty bodies lying by the road including six middlesex men among them these men may have been some of those attached to the hong kong chinese regiment 113 114 the commonwealth war graves commission report also states that five men of the royal air force went missing near the ridge on 20 december perhaps captured and killed on 23 december 1941 canadian troops from a company royal rifles and troops from various units were murdered at eucliff by soldiers of the 3rd battalion 229th infantry regiment after surrender at least 7 were killed 115 six men of the middlesex were killed defending pb 14 at deepwater bay ride lyon light most of them were killed after capture via beheading another 36 known victims cannot be placed precisely at one of the three locations ridge overbays eucliffe in the evening of 24 december japanese soldiers of the 229th and 230th regiments stormed the marynoll mission position resistance continued until dawn 116 at least six officers and a number of other men were killed after capture at maryknoll mission 117 four members of the 8th coastal regiment ra may have been killed here as well estimates of the number of men murdered vary from 11 to 16 in the evening of 24 december 1941 soldiers of the 1st battalion 229th regiment stormed the field hospital of st stephen s college murdering the medical personnel and the wounded soldiers nurses were raped and then murdered this was the largest scale war crime against the garrison during the battle 118 twelve nurses were raped at the emergency hospital at happy valley racecourse on 25 december 119 from 25 to 28 december 1941 japanese soldiers from various units possibly include rear area troops looted and raped the civilians in causeway bay they were sometimes stopped by japanese gendarmerie but there were not enough of them to stop the rampage 120 kowloon edit one private john payne and an australian were captured by the japanese in kowloon on 12 december and executed new territories edit from 8 9 december 1941 japanese soldiers from various units passed through the fanling orphanage and looted the place nurses and amahs were raped and brutalized at least one baby was killed during the process the case however was not thoroughly investigated and the perpetuators were not identified and tried 121 subsequent operations edit main article japanese occupation of hong kong see also british army aid group hong kong volunteer company and east river column dongjiang guerillas fighting in trenches isogai rensuke became the first japanese governor of hong kong this ushered in the three years and eight months of imperial japanese administration 103 the 38th infantry division departed hong kong in january 1942 the hong kong defence force was established during the same month and was the main japanese military unit in hong kong throughout the occupation 122 during the over three and a half years of occupation by the japanese an estimated 10 000 hong kong civilians were executed while many others were tortured raped or mutilated 103 the local population in the rural new territories a mix of hakka cantonese and other han chinese groups waged a guerrilla war with limited success the resistance groups were known as the gangjiu and d...
|
