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c expenditure in areas including healthcare education transport welfare and the police 178 179 jobs and welfare policy one of the conservatives key policy goals in 2010 was to reduce the number of people unemployed and increase the number of people in the workforce by strengthening apprenticeships skills and job training 180 between 2010 and 2014 all claimants of incapacity benefit were moved onto a new benefit scheme employment and support allowance which was then subsumed into the universal credit system alongside other welfare benefits in 2018 181 182 183 the universal credit system came under immense scrutiny following its introduction shortly after her appointment to the department for work and pensions the then secretary of state amber rudd acknowledged there were real problems with the universal credit system especially the wait times for initial payments and the housing payments aspect of the combined benefits 184 rudd pledged specifically to review and address the uneven impact of universal credit implementation on economically disadvantaged women which had been the subject of numerous reports by the radio 4 you and yours programme and others 184 until 1999 conservatives opposed the creation of a national minimum wage as they believed it would cost jobs and businesses would be reluctant to start business in the uk from fear of high labour costs 185 however the party have since pledged support and in the july 2015 budget chancellor george osborne announced a national living wage of 9 hour 186 the national minimum wage in 2024 was 11 44 for those over 21 187 the party support and have implemented the restoration of the link between pensions and earnings and seek to raise retirement age from 65 to 67 by 2028 188 transport and infrastructure policy the conservatives have invested in public transport and infrastructure aimed to promoting economic growth 189 this has included rail including high speed rail electric vehicles bus networks and active transport 190 in 2020 new funding for active travel infrastructure was announced by the conservatives 191 the party s stated aim was for england to be a great walking and cycling nation and for half of all journeys in towns and cities being walked or cycled by 2030 the plan was accompanied by 2 billion in additional funding over the following five years for cycling and walking the plan also introduced new inspectorate known as active travel england 192 193 in 2021 the conservatives announced a white paper that would transform the operation of the railways the rail network will be partly renationalised with infrastructure and operations brought together under the state owned public body great british railways 194 on 18 november 2021 the government announced the biggest ever public investment in britain s rail network costing 96 billion and promising quicker and more frequent rail connections in the north and midlands the integrated rail plan includes substantially improved connections north south as well as east west and includes three new high speed lines 195 196 energy and climate change policy david cameron brought several green issues to the forefront of his 2010 campaign these included proposals designed to impose a tax on workplace car parking spaces a halt to airport growth a tax on cars with exceptionally poor petrol mileage and restrictions on car advertising many of these policies were implemented in the coalition including the green deal 197 a law was passed in 2019 that uk greenhouse gas emissions will be net zero by 2050 198 the uk was the first major economy to embrace a legal obligation to achieve net zero carbon emissions 199 in 2019 the conservatives became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency second in the uk after the snp 198 in november 2020 the conservatives announced a 10 point plan for a green industrial revolution with green enterprises an end to the sale of petrol and diesel cars quadruple the amount of offshore wind power capacity within a decade fund a variety of emissions cutting proposals and spurn a proposed green post covid 19 recovery 200 in april 2021 the conservatives announced plans to cut carbon emissions by 78 by 2035 201 in september 2025 the party announced that it would get rid of all net zero requirements on oil and gas companies drilling in the north sea if elected and focus solely on maximising extraction to get all of the oil and gas out of the north sea 202 in october 2025 the party stated it wants to scrap the climate change act 2008 the uk s landmark climate change legislation which commits the uk to cutting carbon emissions by 80 by 2050 203 204 205 social policy conservative party supporters at pride london in 2010 socially conservative policies such as tax incentives for married couples may have played a role in the party s electoral decline in the 1990s and early 2000s and so the party has attempted to seek a new direction as part of their coalition with the liberal democrats the conservative government did support the introduction of equal marriage rights for lgbt individuals in 2010 though 139 conservative mps a majority voted against the 2013 same sex marriage act thus the extent to which this policy represented a more liberal conservative party has been challenged 212 since 1997 debate has occurred within the party between modernisers such as alan duncan 213 who believe that the conservatives should modify their public stances on social issues and traditionalists such as liam fox 214 215 and owen paterson 216 who believe that the party should remain faithful to its traditional conservative platform in the previous parliament modernising forces were represented by mps such as neil o brien who has argued that the party needs to renew its policies and image and is said to be inspired by macron s centrist politics 217 ruth davidson is also seen as a reforming figure many of the original traditionalists remain influential though duncan smith s influence in terms of commons contributions has waned 218 the party has strongly criticised what it describes as labour s state multiculturalism 219 shadow home secretary dominic grieve said in 2008 that state multiculturalism policies had created a terrible legacy of cultural despair and dislocation which has encouraged support for extremists on both sides of the debate 220 david cameron responded to grieve s comments by agreeing that policies of state multiculturalism that treat social groups as distinct for example policies that treat british muslims as muslims rather than as british citizens are wrong however he expressed support for the premise of multiculturalism on the whole 220 official statistics showed that eu and non eu mass immigration together with asylum seeker applications all increased substantially during cameron s term in office 221 222 223 however this was not solely as a result of intentional government policy during this period there were significant refugee flows into the uk and an increased level of asylum applications due to conflict and persecution globally 224 225 in 2019 former conservative home secretary priti patel announced that the government would enact stricter immigration reforms crack down on illegal immigration and scrap freedom of movement with the european union following the completion of brexit 226 in the four years following this announcement net migration increased annually in large part due to the number of health care workers and their dependents that were invited into the country because of recruitment problems caused by brexit and the pandemic 227 228 the number of asylum seekers dropped as a proportion of total net migrants whereas the number of people coming to the uk to study increased during that time period 229 family policy as prime minister david cameron wanted to support family life in britain and put families at the centre of domestic social policymaking 230 he stated in 2014 that there was no better place to start in the conservative mission of building society from the bottom up than the family which was responsible for individual welfare and well being long before the welfare state came into play 230 he also argued that family and politics are inextricably linked 230 both cameron and theresa may aimed at helping families achieve a work home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave to be shared by parents as they choose 231 this policy is now in place offering 50 weeks total parental leave of which 37 weeks are paid leave which can be shared between both parents 232 other policies have included doubling the free hours of childcare for working parents of three and four year olds from 15 hours to 30 hours a week during term time although parents can reduce the number of hours per week to 22 and spread across 52 weeks of the year the government also introduced a policy to fund 15 hours a week of free education and childcare for 2 year olds in england if parents are receiving certain state benefits or the child has a sen statement or diagnosis worth 2 500 a year per child 233 234 health and drug policy they introduced the health and social care act 2012 constituting the biggest reformation that the nhs has ever undertaken 235 the conservative party supports drug prohibition 236 the party has rejected both decriminalising drugs for personal use and the creation of safe consumption sites 237 in 2024 the conservative government passed a law to phase out smoking by banning the sale of tobacco to anyone born in or after 2009 238 foreign policy margaret thatcher second left ronald reagan far left and their spouses in 1988 thatcher and reagan developed a close relationship against the soviet union for much of the 20th century the conservative party took a broadly atlanticist stance in relations with the united states members of eu and nato favouring close ties with the united states and similarly aligned nations such as canada australia new zealand south africa korea taiwan singapore and japan the conservatives have generally favoured a diverse range of international alliances ranging from the north atlantic treaty organization nato to the commonwealth of nations the conservatives have proposed a pan african free trade area which it says could help entrepreneurial dynamism of african people 239 the conservatives pledged to increase aid spending to 0 7 of national income by 2013 239 they met this pledge in 2014 when spending on aid reached 0 72 of gdp and the commitment was enshrined in uk law in 2015 240 close anglo american relationship have been an element of conservative foreign policy since the second world war though the anglo american relationship in foreign affairs has often been termed a special relationship a term coined by winston churchill this has often been observed most clearly where leaders in each country are of a similar political stripe david cameron had sought to distance himself from former us president bush and his neoconservative foreign policy 241 despite traditional links between the uk conservatives and us republicans london mayor boris johnson a conservative endorsed barack obama in the 2008 election 242 however after becoming prime minister johnson developed a close relationship with republican president donald trump 243 244 245 this has been described as a reestablishing of the special relationship with the united states following britain s withdraw from the european union as well as returning to the links between the conservatives and republican party 246 beyond relations with the united states the commonwealth and the eu the conservative party has generally supported a pro free trade foreign policy within the mainstream of international affairs although stances have changed with successive leadership the modern conservative party generally supports cooperation and maintaining friendly relations with israel historic conservative statesmen such as arthur balfour and winston churchill supported the idea of national home for the jewish people under margaret thatcher conservative support for israel was seen to crystallise 247 248 support for israel increased under the leaderships of theresa may and boris johnson with prominent conservative figures within the may and johnson ministries strongly endorsing israel in 2016 theresa may publicly rebutted clarification needed statements made by us secretary of state john kerry over the composition of the israeli government 249 250 in 2018 the party pledged to proscribe all wings of the lebanese based militant group hezbollah and this was adopted as a uk wide policy in 2019 251 252 in 2019 the conservative government under boris johnson announced plans to stop the influence of the boycott divestment and sanctions movement on local politics which included prohibiting local councils from boycotting israeli products 253 254 255 defence policy after the terrorist attacks of 11 september 2001 the conservative party supported the coalition military action in afghanistan the conservative party believed that success in afghanistan would be defined in terms of the afghans achieving the capability to maintain their own internal and external security they have repeatedly criticised the former labour government for failing to equip british forces adequately in the earlier days on the campaign especially highlighting the shortage of helicopters for british forces resulting from gordon brown s 1 4bn cut to the helicopter budget in 2004 256 the conservative party believes that in the 21st century defence and security are interlinked it has pledged to break away from holding a traditional strategic defence review and committed to carrying out a more comprehensive strategic defence and security review sdsr 257 as well as an sdsr the conservative party pledged in 2010 to undertake a fundamental and far reaching review of the procurement process and how defence equipment is provided in britain and to increase britain s share of the global defence market as government policy 258 the conservative party upholds the view that nato remains and should remain the most important security alliance for the united kingdom 259 it has advocated for the creation of a fairer funding mechanism for nato s expeditionary operations and called for all nato countries to meet their required defence spending 2 of gdp some conservatives believe that there is scope for expanding nato s article v to include new threats such as cybersecurity the conservative party aims to build enhanced bilateral defence relations with key european partners and believes that it is in britain s national interest to cooperate fully with all its european neighbours it has pledged to ensure that any eu military capability must supplement and not supplant british national defence and nato and that it is not in the british interest to hand over security to any supranational body 259 the conservatives see it as a priority to encourage all members ...
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