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ater 57 triggered the beginning of world war ii by the end of 1941 germany occupied a large part of europe and its military forces were fighting the soviet union nearly capturing moscow however crushing defeats at the battle of stalingrad and the battle of kursk devastated the german armed forces this combined with western allied landings in france and italy led to a three front war that depleted germany s armed forces and resulted in germany s defeat in 1945 occupied territories further information areas annexed by nazi germany and german occupied europe the protectorate of bohemia and moravia was created from the dismemberment of czechoslovakia shortly after germany annexed the sudetenland region of czechoslovakia the slovak republic declared its independence from the rump second czechoslovak republic the new slovak state allied itself with germany the remainder of the country was occupied by german military forces and organized into the protectorate czech civil institutions were preserved but the protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of germany the general government was the name given to the territories of occupied poland that were not directly annexed into german provinces but like bohemia and moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of germany by the nazi authorities reichskommissariats were established in the netherlands belgium and norway designated as places the germanic populations of which were to be incorporated into the planned greater germanic reich by contrast the reichskommissariats established in the east reichskommissariat ostland in the baltics reichskommissariat ukraine in ukraine were established as colonies for settlement by germans in norway under reichskommissariat norwegen the quisling regime headed by vidkun quisling was installed by the germans as a client regime during the occupation while king haakon vii and the legal government were in exile quisling encouraged norwegians to serve as volunteers in the waffen ss collaborated in the deportation of jews and was responsible for the executions of members of the norwegian resistance movement about 45 000 norwegian collaborators joined the pro nazi party nasjonal samling national union and some police units helped arrest many jews however norway was one of the first countries where resistance during world war ii was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1943 after the war quisling and other collaborators were executed quisling s name has become an international eponym for traitor italy main articles fascist italy latin bloc proposed alliance and military history of italy during world war ii war justifications the duce benito mussolini in an official portrait duce benito mussolini described italy s declaration of war against the western allies of britain and france in june 1940 as the following we are going to war against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the west who have invariably hindered the progress and often threatened the very existence of the italian people 58 italy condemned the western powers for enacting sanctions on italy in 1935 for its actions in the second italo ethiopian war that italy claimed was a response to an act of ethiopian aggression against tribesmen in italian eritrea in the walwal incident of 1934 59 italy like germany also justified its actions by claiming that italy needed to territorially expand to provide spazio vitale vital space for the italian nation 60 in october 1938 in the aftermath of the munich agreement italy demanded concessions from france to yield to italy in africa 61 relations between italy and france deteriorated with france s refusal to accept italy s demands 61 france responded to italy s demands with threatening naval manoeuvres as a warning to italy 61 as tensions between italy and france grew hitler made a major speech on 30 january 1939 in which he promised german military support in the case of an unprovoked war against italy 62 italy entered world war ii on 10 june 1940 italy justified its intervention against greece in october 1940 on the allegation that the kingdom of greece was being used by britain against italy mussolini informed this to hitler saying greece is one of the main points of english maritime strategy in the mediterranean 63 italian soldiers in the north african campaign in 1941 italy justified its intervention against yugoslavia in april 1941 by appealing to both italian irredentist claims and the fact of albanian croatian and macedonian separatists not wishing to be part of yugoslavia 64 croatian separatism soared after the assassination of croatian political leaders in the national assembly of yugoslavia in 1928 including the death of stjepan radić and italy endorsed croatian separatist ante pavelić and his fascist ustaše movement that was based and trained in italy with the fascist regime s support prior to intervention against yugoslavia 64 history the intention of the fascist regime was to create a new roman empire in which italy would dominate the mediterranean in 1935 1936 italy invaded and annexed ethiopia and the fascist government proclaimed the creation of the italian empire 65 protests by the league of nations especially the british who had interests in that area led to no serious action although the league did try to enforce economic sanctions upon italy but to no avail the incident highlighted french and british weakness exemplified by their reluctance to alienate italy and lose her as their ally the limited actions taken by the western powers pushed mussolini s italy towards alliance with hitler s germany anyway in 1937 italy left the league of nations and joined the anti comintern pact which had been signed by germany and japan the preceding year in march april 1939 italian troops invaded and annexed albania germany and italy signed the pact of steel on may 22 italian fiat m13 40 tanks in the north african campaign in 1941 italy was ill prepared for war in spite of the fact that it had continuously been involved in conflict since 1935 first with ethiopia in 1935 1936 and then in the spanish civil war on the side of francisco franco s nationalists 66 mussolini refused to heed warnings from his minister of exchange and currency felice guarneri who said that italy s actions in ethiopia and spain meant that italy was on the verge of bankruptcy 67 by 1939 military expenditures by britain and france far exceeded what italy could afford 67 as a result of italy s economic difficulties its soldiers were poorly paid often being poorly equipped and poorly supplied and animosity arose between soldiers and class conscious officers these contributed to low morale amongst italian soldiers 68 italian battleships vittorio veneto and littorio during the war italian macchi c 200 fighter aircraft during the war by early 1940 italy was still a non belligerent and mussolini communicated to hitler that italy was not prepared to intervene soon by march 1940 mussolini decided that italy would intervene but the date was not yet chosen his senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because italy was unprepared no raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would soon be exhausted italy s industrial base was only one tenth of germany s and even with supplies the italian military was not organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration an ambitious rearmament program was impossible because of italy s limited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials mussolini ignored the negative advice 69 by 1941 italy s attempts to run an autonomous campaign from germany s collapsed as a result of military setbacks in greece north africa and eastern africa and the country became dependent and effectively subordinate to germany after the german led invasion and occupation of yugoslavia and greece that had both been targets of italy s war aims italy was forced to accept german dominance in the two occupied countries 70 furthermore by 1941 german forces in north africa under erwin rommel effectively took charge of the military effort ousting allied forces from the italian colony of libya and german forces were stationed in sicily in that year 71 germany s insolence towards italy as an ally was demonstrated that year when italy was pressured to send 350 000 guest workers to germany who were used as forced labour 71 while hitler was disappointed with the italian military s performance he maintained overall favorable relations with italy because of his personal friendship with mussolini 72 73 on 25 july 1943 following the allied invasion of sicily king victor emmanuel iii dismissed mussolini placed him under arrest and began secret negotiations with the western allies an armistice was signed on 8 september 1943 and four days later mussolini was rescued by the germans in operation oak and placed in charge of a puppet state called the italian social republic repubblica sociale italiana rsi or repubblica di salò in northern italy in order to liberate the country from the germans and fascists italy became a co belligerent of the allies as result the country descended into the italian civil war with the italian co belligerent army and the partisans supported by the allies contended the social republic s forces and its german allies some areas in northern italy were liberated from the germans as late as may 1945 mussolini was killed by communist partisans on 28 april 1945 while trying to escape to switzerland 74 colonies and dependencies main articles italian empire and italian imperialism under fascism in europe every territory ever controlled by the italian empire at some point in time during world war ii kingdom of italy possessions colonies of italy occupied territory and protectorates the dodecanese islands were an italian dependency known as the italian islands of the aegean from 1912 to 1943 montenegro was an italian dependency from 1941 to 1943 known as the governorate of montenegro that was under the control of an italian military governor initially the italians intended that montenegro would become an independent state closely allied with italy reinforced through the strong dynastic links between italy and montenegro as queen elena of italy was a daughter of the last montenegrin king nicholas i the italian backed montenegrin nationalist sekula drljević and his followers attempted to create a montenegrin state on 12 july 1941 they proclaimed the kingdom of montenegro under the protection of italy in less than 24 hours that triggered a general uprising against the italians within three weeks the insurgents managed to capture almost all the territory of montenegro over 70 000 royal italian army troops and 20 000 of albanian and muslim irregulars were deployed to suppress the rebellion drljevic was expelled from montenegro in october 1941 montenegro then came under full direct italian control with the italian capitulation of 1943 montenegro came directly under the control of germany politically and economically dominated by italy from its creation in 1913 albania was occupied by italian military forces in 1939 as the albanian king zog l fled the country with his family the albanian parliament voted to offer the albanian throne to the king of italy resulting in a personal union between the two countries 75 76 in africa italian east africa was an italian colony existing from 1936 to 1943 prior to the invasion and annexation of ethiopia into this united colony in 1936 italy had two colonies eritrea and somalia since the 1880s libya was an italian colony existing from 1912 to 1943 the northern portion of libya was incorporated directly into italy in 1939 however the region remained united as a colony under a colonial governor japan main article empire of japan hirohito emperor of japan war justifications italian propaganda poster by gino boccasile illustrating the strength of the tripartite pact with samurai warrior sinking british and american ships and the naval ensigns of the three powers flying behind him the japanese government justified its actions by claiming that it was seeking to unite east asia under japanese leadership in a greater east asia co prosperity sphere that would free east asians from domination and rule by clients of western powers 77 japan invoked themes of pan asianism and said that the asian people needed to be free from western influence 78 the united states opposed the second sino japanese war and recognized chiang kai shek s nationalist government as the legitimate government of china as a result the united states sought to bring the japanese war effort to a halt by imposing an embargo on all trade between the united states and japan japan was dependent on the united states for 80 percent of its petroleum and as a consequence the embargo resulted in an economic and military crisis for japan as japan could not continue its war effort against china without access to petroleum 79 in order to maintain its military campaign in china with the major loss of petroleum trade with the united states japan saw the best means to secure an alternative source of petroleum in the petroleum rich and natural resources rich southeast asia 80 this threat of retaliation by japan to the total trade embargo by the united states was known by the american government including american secretary of state cordell hull who was negotiating with the japanese to avoid a war fearing that the total embargo would pre empt a japanese attack on the dutch east indies 81 japan identified the united states pacific fleet based in pearl harbor naval base as the principal threat to its designs to invade and capture southeast asia 80 thus japan initiated the attack on pearl harbor on 7 december 1941 as a means to inhibit an american response to the invasion of southeast asia and buy time to allow japan to consolidate itself with these resources to engage in a total war against the united states and force the united states to accept japan s acquisitions 80 on 7 december 1941 japan declared war on the united states and the british empire history ijn special naval landing forces armed with the type 11 light machine gun during the battle of shanghai mitsubishi a6m zero fighter aircraft and other aircraft preparing for takeoff on the aircraft carrier shōkaku on 7 december 1941 for the attack on pearl harbor empire of japan japanese puppet states thailand cooperated with japan all are members of the greater east asia co prosperity sphere the empire of japan a constitutional monarchy with hirohito as its emperor was the principal axis power in asia and the pacific under the emperor were a political cabinet and the imperial general headquarters with two chiefs of staff by 1945 the emperor of japan was more than a symbolic leader he played a major role in devising a strategy to keep himself on the throne 82 at its peak japan s greater east asia co prosperity sphere included manchur...
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