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ove to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history of exploration toggle history of exploration subsection 1 1 first telescopes 1 2 first outer space flights 1 3 first object in orbit 1 4 first human outer space flight 1 5 first astronomical body space explorations 1 6 first space station 1 7 first interstellar space flight 1 8 farthest from earth 2 targets of exploration toggle targets of exploration subsection 2 1 the sun 2 2 mercury 2 3 venus 2 4 earth 2 4 1 moon 2 5 mars 2 5 1 phobos 2 6 asteroids 2 7 jupiter 2 8 saturn 2 9 uranus 2 10 neptune 2 11 pluto 2 12 kuiper belt objects 2 13 comets 2 14 deep space exploration 3 future of space exploration toggle future of space exploration subsection 3 1 breakthrough starshot 3 2 asteroids 3 3 artemis program 4 rationales toggle rationales subsection 4 1 human nature 5 topics toggle topics subsection 5 1 spaceflight 5 2 satellites 5 3 commercialization of space 5 4 alien life 5 5 human spaceflight and habitation 5 5 1 human representation and participation 5 5 1 1 women 5 6 art 5 7 public perception and media depictions 5 7 1 in the united states 5 7 2 europe 6 see also toggle see also subsection 6 1 robotic space exploration programs 6 2 living in space 6 2 1 animals in space 6 2 2 humans in space 6 3 recent and future developments 6 4 other 7 references 8 further reading 9 external links toggle the table of contents space exploration 77 languages afrikaans العربية asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه беларуская български ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা bosanski català کوردی čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español euskara فارسی suomi võro français gaeilge galego ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 patois jawa 한국어 latina lëtzebuergesch lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाल भाषा nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ papiamentu polski پنجابی پښتو português română русский سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english српски srpski தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray wolof 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia investigation of outer space for broader coverage of this topic see exploration buzz aldrin taking a core sample of the moon during the 1969 apollo 11 mission self portrait of curiosity rover on mars s surface 2012 part of a series on spaceflight history history of spaceflight space race timeline of spaceflight space probes lunar missions mars missions applications communications earth observation exploration espionage military navigation colonization habitation exploration telescopes tourism spacecraft robotic spacecraft satellite space probe cargo spacecraft crewed spacecraft apollo lunar module space capsules space shuttle space stations spaceplanes vostok space launch spaceport launch pad expendable and reusable launch vehicles escape velocity non rocket spacelaunch spaceflight types sub orbital orbital interplanetary interstellar intergalactic list of space organizations space agencies space forces companies spaceflight portal v t e space exploration is the physical investigation of outer space by uncrewed robotic space probes and through human spaceflight 1 while the observation of objects in space known as astronomy predates reliable recorded history it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research national prestige uniting different nations ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries 2 the early era of space exploration was driven by a space race in which the soviet union and the united states vied to demonstrate their technological superiority landmarks of this era include the launch of the first human made object to orbit earth the soviet union s sputnik 1 on 4 october 1957 and the first moon landing by the american apollo 11 mission on 20 july 1969 the soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones including the first living being in orbit in 1957 the first human spaceflight yuri gagarin aboard vostok 1 in 1961 the first spacewalk by alexei leonov on 18 march 1965 the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966 and the launch of the first space station salyut 1 in 1971 in the 1970s focus shifted from one off flights to renewable hardware such as the space shuttle program and from competition to cooperation the foremost example being the international space station iss built between 1998 and 2011 3 the 2000s brought advancements in the national space exploration programs of china the european union japan and india the 2010s saw the rise of the private space industry in earnest with the development of private launch vehicles space capsules and satellite manufacturing in the 2020s the two primary global programs gaining traction are moon focused the chinese led international lunar research station and the u s led artemis program with its plan to build the artemis base camp on the moon each with a set of international partners 4 5 6 history of exploration edit see also history of spaceflight history of astronomy discovery and exploration of the solar system timeline of space exploration and outer space discovery a v 2 rocket in the peenemünde museum in germany first telescopes edit the first telescope is said to have been invented in 1608 in the netherlands by an eyeglass maker named hans lipperhey but their first recorded use in astronomy was by galileo galilei in 1609 7 in 1668 isaac newton built his own reflecting telescope the first fully functional telescope of this kind and a landmark for future developments due to its superior features over the previous galilean telescope 8 a string of discoveries in the solar system and beyond followed then and in the next centuries the mountains of the moon the phases of venus the main satellites of jupiter and saturn the rings of saturn many comets the asteroids the new planets uranus and neptune and many more satellites the orbiting astronomical observatory 2 was the first space telescope launched 1968 9 but the launch of the hubble space telescope in 1990 10 set a milestone as of 1 december 2022 there were 5 284 confirmed exoplanets discovered the milky way is estimated to contain 100 400 billion stars 11 and more than 100 billion planets 12 there are at least 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe 13 14 hd1 is the most distant known object from earth reported as 33 4 billion light years away 15 16 17 18 19 20 first outer space flights edit model of a russian vostok spacecraft apollo command service module in lunar orbit mw 18014 was a german v 2 rocket test launch that took place on 20 june 1944 at the peenemünde army research center in peenemünde it was the first human made object to reach outer space attaining an apogee of 176 kilometers 21 which is well above the kármán line 22 it was a vertical test launch although the rocket reached space it did not reach orbital velocity and therefore returned to earth in an impact becoming the first sub orbital spaceflight 23 in 1949 the bumper wac reached an altitude of 393 kilometres 244 mi becoming the first human made object to enter space according to nasa 24 first object in orbit edit the first successful orbital launch was of the soviet uncrewed sputnik 1 satellite 1 mission on 4 october 1957 the satellite weighed about 83 kg 183 lb and is believed to have orbited earth at a height of about 250 km 160 mi it had two radio transmitters 20 and 40 mhz which emitted beeps that could be heard by radios around the globe analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere while temperature and pressure data were encoded in the duration of radio beeps the results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid sputnik 1 was launched by an r 7 rocket it burned up upon re entry on 3 january 1958 first human outer space flight edit the first successful human spaceflight was vostok 1 east 1 carrying the 27 year old russian cosmonaut yuri gagarin on 12 april 1961 the spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes gagarin s flight resonated around the world it was a demonstration of the advanced soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration human spaceflight first astronomical body space explorations edit the first artificial object to reach another celestial body was luna 2 which reached the moon in 1959 25 the first soft landing on another celestial body was performed by luna 9 landing on the moon on 3 february 1966 26 luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the moon entering in a lunar orbit on 3 april 1966 27 the first crewed landing on another celestial body was performed by apollo 11 on 20 july 1969 landing on the moon there have been a total of six spacecraft with humans landing on the moon starting from 1969 to the last human landing in 1972 the first interplanetary flyby was the 1961 venera 1 flyby of venus though the 1962 mariner 2 was the first flyby of venus to return data closest approach 34 773 kilometers pioneer 6 was the first satellite to orbit the sun launched on 16 december 1965 the other planets were first flown by in 1965 for mars by mariner 4 1973 for jupiter by pioneer 10 1974 for mercury by mariner 10 1979 for saturn by pioneer 11 1986 for uranus by voyager 2 1989 for neptune by voyager 2 in 2015 the dwarf planets ceres and pluto were orbited by dawn and passed by new horizons respectively this accounts for flybys of each of the eight planets in the solar system the sun the moon and ceres and pluto two of the five recognized dwarf planets the first interplanetary surface mission to return at least limited surface data from another planet was the 1970 landing of venera 7 which returned data to earth for 23 minutes from venus in 1975 venera 9 was the first to return images from the surface of another planet returning images from venus in 1971 the mars 3 mission achieved the first soft landing on mars returning data for almost 20 seconds later much longer duration surface missions were achieved including over six years of mars surface operation by viking 1 from 1975 to 1982 and over two hours of transmission from the surface of venus by venera 13 in 1982 the longest ever soviet planetary surface mission venus and mars are the two planets outside of earth on which humans have conducted surface missions with uncrewed robotic spacecraft first space station edit salyut 1 was the first space station of any kind launched into low earth orbit by the soviet union on 19 april 1971 the international space station iss is currently the largest and oldest of the 2 current fully functional space stations inhabited continuously since the year 2000 the other tiangong space station built by china is now fully crewed and operational first interstellar space flight edit voyager 1 became the first human made object to leave the solar system into interstellar space on 25 august 2012 the probe passed the heliopause at 121 au to enter interstellar space 28 farthest from earth edit in 1970 apollo 13 flight passed the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 kilometers 158 miles 137 nautical miles above the lunar surface and 400 171 km 248 655 mi from earth marking the record for the farthest humans had ever traveled from earth until the artemis ii lunar flyby in april 2026 which was 406 773 km 252 757 mi from earth at its furthest point as of 9 february 2025 update voyager 1 was at a distance of 166 4 au 24 89 billion km 15 47 billion mi from earth 29 it is the most distant human made object from earth 30 targets of exploration edit starting in the mid 20th century probes and then human missions were sent into earth orbit and then on to the moon also probes were sent throughout the known solar system and into solar orbit uncrewed spacecraft have been sent into orbit around saturn jupiter mars venus and mercury by the 21st century and the most distance active spacecraft voyager 1 and 2 traveled beyond 100 times the earth sun distance the instruments were enough though that it is thought they have left the sun s heliosphere a sort of bubble of particles made in the galaxy by the sun s solar wind the sun edit the sun is a major focus of space exploration being above the atmosphere in particular and earth s magnetic field gives access to the solar wind and infrared and ultraviolet radiations that cannot reach earth s surface the sun generates most space weather which can affect power generation and transmission systems on earth and interfere with and even damage satellites and space probes numerous spacecraft dedicated to observing the sun beginning with the apollo telescope mount have been launched and still others have had solar observation as a secondary objective parker solar probe launched in 2018 will approach the sun to within 1 9th the orbit of mercury mercury edit main article exploration of mercury a messenger image from 18 000 km showing a region about 500 km across 2008 mercury remains the least explored of the terrestrial planets as of may 2013 the mariner 10 and messenger missions have been the only missions that have made close observations of mercury messenger entered orbit around mercury in march 2011 to further investigate the observations made by mariner 10 in 1975 munsell 2006b a third mission to mercury scheduled to arrive in 2025 bepicolombo is to include two probes bepicolombo is a joint mission between japan and the european space agency messenger and bepicolombo are intended to gather complementary data to help scientists understand many of the mysteries discovered by mariner 10 s flybys flights to other planets within the solar system are accomplished at a cost in energy which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft or delta v due to the relatively high delta v to reach mercury and its proximity to the sun it is difficult to explore and orbits around it are rather unstable venus edit main article observations and explorations of venus venus was the first target of interplanetary flyby and lander 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