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omic aim pursued by article 157 tfeu namely the elimination of distortions of competition between undertakings established in different member states is secondary to the social aim pursued by the same provision which constitutes the expression of a fundamental human right defrenne v sabena 1976 case 43 75 10 this provision forms part of the social objectives of the community which is not merely an economic union but is at the same time intended by common action to ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples craig de búrca 2015 ch 17 barnard 2013 ch 1 3 30 d ricardo on the principles of political economy and taxation 3rd 1821 ch 7 see eb haas the uniting of europe political social and economic forces 1950 1957 1958 and b balassa the theory of economic integration 1961 see generally p krugman and m obstfeld international economics theory and policy 4th edn addison wesley 1997 and hj chang kicking away the ladder infant industry promotion in historical perspective 2003 31 1 oxford development studies 21 michael trebilcock and r howse the regulation of international trade 3rd edn 2005 ch 1 summarising and attempting to rebut various arguments defrenne v sabena no 2 1976 case 43 75 10 white paper completing the internal market 1985 com 85 310 c f hünermund v landesapothekerkammer baden württemberg 1993 c 292 92 ag opinion 1 asking whether tfeu art 30 is intended to liberalize intra community trade or is it intended more generally to encourage the unhindered pursuit of commerce in individual member states craig de búrca 2015 ch 18 19 barnard 2013 chs 2 6 tfeu arts 28 30 1974 case 8 74 1974 ecr 837 previously teec article 30 see d chalmers et al european union law 1st edn 2006 662 this is a ridiculously wide test commission v ireland 1982 case 249 81 commission v france 1997 c 265 95 see further k muylle angry famers and passive policemen 1998 23 european law review 467 preussenelektra ag v schleswag ag 2001 c 379 98 2001 ecr i 2099 75 76 2003 c 112 00 2003 ecr i 5659 2003 c 112 00 79 81 c f leppik 2006 c 434 04 2006 ecr i 9171 opinion of ag maduro 23 25 2003 c 112 00 2003 ecr i 5659 77 see echr articles 10 and 11 oebel 1981 case 155 80 mickelsson and roos 2009 c 142 05 vereinigte familiapresse v heinrich bauer 1997 c 368 95 dansk supermarked a s 1981 case 58 80 barnard 2013 pp 172 173 1979 case 170 78 at the time teec article 30 1979 case 170 78 13 14 1983 case 261 81 1983 case 261 81 17 2003 c 14 00 88 89 2009 c 110 05 2009 ecr i 519 2009 c 110 05 2009 ecr i 519 56 see also mickelsson and roos 2009 c 142 05 on prohibiting jet skis but justified if proportionate towards the aim of safeguarding health and the environment 1993 c 267 91 see also torfaen bc v b q plc 1989 c 145 88 holding the uk sunday trading laws in the former shops act 1950 were probably outside the scope of article 34 but not clearly reasoned the rules reflect certain political and economic choices that accord with national or regional socio cultural characteristics cf vereinigte familiapresse v heinrich bauer 1997 c 368 95 1997 c 34 95 1997 ecr i 3843 2001 c 405 98 2001 ecr i 1795 unfair commercial practices directive 2005 29 ec craig de búrca 2015 ch 21 barnard 2013 chs 8 9 and 12 13 craig p de burca g 2003 european union law p 701 there is a tension between the image of the community worker as a mobile unit of production contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of europe and the image of the worker as a human being exercising a personal right to live in another state and to take up employment there without discrimination to improve the standard of living of his or her family this book is not listed on worldcat metadata is probably incorrect defrenne v sabena 1976 case 43 75 10 lawrie blum v land baden württemberg 1986 case 66 85 1986 ecr 2121 1988 case 196 87 1988 ecr 6159 dano v jobcenter leipzig 2014 c 333 13 european commission the impact of free movement of workers in the context of eu enlargement com 2008 765 12 practically of post enlargement labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers and no indication of serious labour market imbalances through intra eu mobility even in those member states with the biggest inflows angonese v cassa di risparmio di bolzano spa 2000 c 281 98 2000 ecr i 4139 free movement of workers regulation 492 2011 arts 1 4 1995 c 415 93 1989 case 379 87 1989 ecr 3967 2000 c 281 98 2000 ecr i 4139 36 44 1995 c 279 93 2004 c 387 01 54 55 2007 c 287 05 55 2007 c 213 05 hartmann v freistaat bayern 2007 c 212 05 discussed in barnard 2013 ch 9 293 294 see van duyn v home office case 41 74 1974 ecr 1337 see nn shuibhne the resilience of eu market citizenship 2010 47 cmlr 1597 and hp ipsen europäisches gemeinschaftsrecht 1972 on the concept of a market citizen marktbürger grzelczyk v centre public d aide sociale d ottignes louvain la neuve 2001 c 184 99 2001 ecr i 6193 see t marshall citizenship and social class 1950 28 9 positing that citizenship passed from civil rights political rights to social rights and jhh weiler the european union belongs to its citizens three immodest proposals 1997 22 european law review 150 lashyn serhii 1 october 2021 the aporia of eu citizenship liverpool law review 42 3 361 377 doi 10 1007 s10991 021 09279 y issn 1572 8625 5th report on citizenship of the union com 2008 85 the first annual report on migration and integration com 2004 508 found by 2004 18 5m third country nationals were resident in the eu crd 2004 art 2 2 defines family member as a spouse long term partner descendant under 21 or depednant elderly relative that is accompanying the citizen see also metock v minister for justice equality and law reform 2008 c 127 08 holding that four asylum seekers from outside the eu although they did not lawfully enter ireland because their asylum claims were ultimately rejected were entitled to remain because they had lawfully married eu citizens see also r secretary of state for the home department v immigration appeal tribunal and surinder singh 1992 3 cmlr 358 see also the communist manifesto 1998 c 85 96 1998 ecr i 2691 2004 c 456 02 2004 ecr i 07573 2001 c 184 99 2001 ecr i 6193 2005 c 209 03 2005 ecr i 2119 2005 c 147 03 2014 c 333 13 see asscher v staatssecretaris van financiën 1996 c 107 94 1996 ecr i 3089 holding a director and sole shareholder of a company was not regarded as a worker with a relationship of subordination craig de búrca 2015 ch 22 barnard 2013 chs 10 11 and 13 1995 c 55 94 1995 ecr i 4165 gebhard 1995 c 55 94 37 tfeu art 54 treats natural and legal persons in the same way under this chapter itwf and finnish seamen s union v viking line abp and oü viking line eesti 2007 c 438 05 2007 i 10779 34 1974 case 2 74 1974 ecr 631 see also klopp 1984 case 107 83 holding a paris avocat requirement to have one office in paris though indistinctly applicable to everyone was an unjustified restriction because the aim of keeping advisers in touch with clients and courts could be achieved by modern methods of transport and telecommunications and without living in the locality 2011 c 565 08 2011 c 565 08 52 kamer van koophandel en fabrieken voor amsterdam v inspire art ltd 2003 c 167 01 cf employee involvement directive 2001 86 ec 1988 case 81 87 1988 ecr 5483 1999 c 212 97 1999 ecr i 1459 see also überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh 2002 c 208 00 on dutch minimum capital laws the classic arguments are found in wz ripley main street and wall street little brown co 1927 louis k liggett co v lee 288 u s 517 1933 per brandeis j and w cary federalism and corporate law reflections on delaware 1974 83 4 yale law journal 663 see further s deakin two types of regulatory competition competitive federalism versus reflexive harmonisation a law and economics perspective on centros 1999 2 cyels 231 2002 c 208 00 92 93 2008 c 210 06 see further national grid indus 2011 c 371 10 an exit tax for a dutch company required justification not justified here because it could be collected at the time of transfer and vale epitesi 2012 c 378 10 hungary did not need to allow an italian company to register craig de búrca 2015 p 815 it seems that the cjeu s rulings lacking any deep understanding of business law policies have brought about other corporate law changes in europe that were neither intended by the court nor by policy makers tfeu arts 56 and 57 1974 case 33 74 cf debauve 1980 case 52 79 art 56 does not apply to wholly internal situations where an activity are all in one member state belgium v humbel 1988 case 263 86 but contrast schwarz and gootjes schwarz v finanzamt bergisch gladbach 2007 c 76 05 wirth v landeshauptstadt hannover 1993 c 109 92 2001 c 157 99 2001 ecr i 5473 2001 c 157 99 48 55 2001 c 157 99 94 and 104 106 see watts v bedford primary care trust 2006 c 372 04 and commission v spain 2010 c 211 08 2010 c 137 09 2010 i 13019 1995 c 384 93 1995 ecr i 1141 2004 c 36 02 2004 ecr i 9609 2009 c 42 07 2007 ecr i 7633 directive 2006 123 ec of the european parliament and of the council of 12 december 2006 on services in the internal market 27 december 2006 cf j stiglitz the price of inequality 2011 ch 9 and 349 eur lex 12008e063 en eur lex eur lex europa eu capital movement directive 1988 88 361 eec annex i including i investment in companies ii real estate iii securities iv collective investment funds v money market securities vi bonds vii service credit viii loans ix sureties and guarantees x insurance rights xi inheritance and personal loans xii physical financial assets xiii other capital movements 2000 c 251 98 22 e g commission v belgium 2000 c 478 98 holding that a law forbidding belgian residents getting securities of loans on the eurobond was unjustified discrimination it was disproportionate in preserving as belgium argued fiscal coherence or supervision see commission v united kingdom 2001 c 98 01 and commission v netherlands 2006 c 282 04 ag maduro s opinion on golden shares in kpn nv and tpg nv 2007 c 112 05 2010 c 171 08 1 2 tfeu art 345 see delors report report on economic and monetary union in the ec 1988 e g j stiglitz too important for bankers 11 june 2003 the guardian and j stiglitz the price of inequality 2011 ch 9 and 349 see r hale coercion and distribution in a supposedly non coercive state 1923 38 political science quarterly 472 rb reich saving capitalism for the many not the few 2015 chs 2 4 7 and 21 see for example s deakin and f wilkinson rights vs efficiency the economic case for transnational labour standards 1994 23 4 industrial law journal 289 see teu art 3 3 and directives and regulations issued under tfeu arts 101 109 and 145 172 1976 case 43 75 10 see louis k liggett co v lee 288 u s 517 1933 see tfeu part iii arts 26 197 further ao hirschmann exit voice and loyalty 1970 see british airways plc v commission 2007 c 95 04 106 stating tfeu article 102 is aimed not only at practices which may cause prejudice to consumers directly but also at those which are detrimental to them through their impact on an effective competition structure tfeu art 169 tfeu art 169 3 and the cfreu art 38 1 2 see banco español de crédito sa v camino 2012 case c 618 10 39 and océano grupo editorial and salvat editores 2000 c 240 98 to c 244 98 and 2000 ecr i 4941 25 product liability directive 1985 85 374 eec recital 1 and 6 pld 1985 arts 1 and 3 utccd 1993 93 13 ec and see h collins good faith in european contract law 1994 14 ojls 229 banco español de crédito sa v camino 2012 case c 618 10 see further for the history behind the parallel in german contract law bgb 307 münchener kommentar zum bürgerlichen gesetzbuch 307 rn 32 rwe ag v verbraucherzentrale nrw ev 2013 c 92 11 2013 c 488 11 2013 case c 415 11 2014 case c 34 13 tfeu art 147 tfeu art 153 1 see further o kahn freund hugo sinzheimer in labour law and politics in the weimar republic 1981 103 the technique of bourgeois society and its law is to cover social facts and factors of social existence with abstractions property contract legal person all these abstractions contain within them socially opposed and contradictory phenomena property used for production and property used for consumption agreements between equal parties and agreements between unequal parties capitalist and worker through abstraction it is possible to extend legal rules which are appropriate to the social phenomenon for which they were originally developed to other social phenomena thereby concealing the exercise of social power behind a veil of law a supiot beyond employment changes in work and the future of labour law in europe 2001 s deakin and f wilkinson the law of the labour market 2005 90 see the charter s text european social charter 1961 art 2 1 wtd 2003 art 7 referring to four weeks and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of weekly as meaning a seven day period the choice to phrase time off as weeks was interpreted by the uk supreme court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time rather than separate days in the uk context russell v transocean international resources ltd 2011 uksc 57 19 see further jm keynes economic possibilities of our grandchildren 1930 arguing a 15 hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared e g institutions for occupational retirement provision directive 2003 arts 11 12 17 18 e g pensions act 2004 ss 241 243 udhr art 24 holidays with pay convention 1970 no 132 and see also the european social charter 1961 art 2 1 wtd 2003 art 7 in the uk the implementing working time regulations 1998 state 5 6 weeks is needed although this is also 28 days as a week was originally taken to refer to a 5 day working week wtd 2003 arts 2 5 and 8 13 wtd 2003 arts 6 and 17 and pfeiffer v deutsches kreuz kreisverband waldshut ev 2005 c 397 01 boyle v equal opportunities commission 1998 c 411 96 requires pay be at least the same level as statutory sick pay safety and health at work directive 1989 art 11 see also the health and safety of atypical workers directive 1991 extends these protections to people who do not have typical full time or permanent employment contracts 2010 c 555 07 echr art 11 this codified traditions in democratic member states before world war ii see for example crofter hand woven harris tweed co ltd v veitch 1941 ukhl 2 2002 echr 552 2008 echr 1345 demir and baykara v turkey 2008 echr 1345 see further enerji yapi yol sen v turkey 2009 application no 68959 01 2007 c 438 05 2007 c 319 05 and c 319 06 e g the rome i regulation 1991 c 6 90 statute for a european company regulation 2001 no 2157 2001 statute for a european company regulation 2001 art 3 employee involvement directive 2001 annex see for example bce inc v 1976 debentureholders 2008 3 scr 560 contrast lubbe v cape plc 2000 ukhl 41 and chandler v cape plc 2012 ewca civ 525 see the thirteenth company law directive 2004 2004 25 ec insolvency regulation ec 1346 2000 centros ltd v 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