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nsvaal mauser 1895 bolt action rifle at the auckland museum kruger re equipped the transvaal army importing 37 000 of the latest 7x57 mm mauser model 1895 rifles supplied by germany 41 and 40 to 50 million rounds of ammunition 42 43 80 some commandos used the martini henry mark iii because thousands of these had been purchased unfortunately the large puff of white smoke after firing gave away the shooter s position 44 45 roughly 7 000 guedes 1885 rifles had also been purchased a few years earlier and these were also used during the hostilities 44 as the war went on some commandos relied on captured british rifles such as the lee metford and enfield 41 29 when the ammunition for the mausers ran out the boers relied primarily on the captured lee metfords 46 47 few boers used bayonets 48 36 the boers also purchased the best european german krupp artillery by october 1899 the transvaal state artillery had 73 heavy guns including four 155 mm creusot fortress guns 49 and 25 of the 37 mm maxim nordenfeldt guns 43 80 the boers maxim larger than the british maxims 50 was a large calibre belt fed water cooled auto cannon that fired explosive rounds at 450 rounds per minute it became known as the pom pom 51 the transvaal army was transformed approximately 25 000 men equipped with modern rifles and artillery could mobilise within two weeks however kruger s victory in the jameson raid did nothing to resolve the fundamental problem of finding a formula to conciliate the uitlanders without surrendering the independence of the transvaal british case for war edit a british lee metford rifle used by british troops during the second boer war the failure to gain improved rights for uitlanders notably the dynamite tax became a pretext for war and justification for a military build up in cape colony the case for war was developed and espoused as far away as the australian colonies 52 cape colony governor sir alfred milner rhodes chamberlain and mining syndicate owners such as beit barney barnato and lionel phillips favoured annexation of the boer republics confident that the boers would be quickly defeated they planned and organised a short war citing the uitlanders grievances as the motivation in contrast the influence of the war party within the british government was limited prime minister lord salisbury despised jingoism 53 he was uncertain of the abilities of the british army despite his moral and practical reservations salisbury led the uk to war to preserve the empire s prestige and a feeling of obligation to british south africans g salisbury detested the boer treatment of native africans referring to the london convention of 1884 following britain s defeat in the first war as an agreement really in the interest of slavery 54 7 54 6 salisbury was not alone in this roger casement already on the way to becoming an irish nationalist was nevertheless happy to gather intelligence for the british against the boers because of their cruelty to africans 55 1899 german political cartoon war and capitalism or the transformation of human blood into gold the british government went against the advice of its generals and declined to send substantial reinforcements to south africa before war broke out secretary of state for war lansdowne did not believe the boers were preparing for war and that if britain were to send large numbers of troops it would strike too aggressive a posture and possibly derail a negotiated settlement or even encourage a boer attack 56 negotiations fail edit steyn of the orange free state invited milner and kruger to attend a conference in bloemfontein the conference started on 30 may 1899 but negotiations quickly broke down as kruger had no intention of granting meaningful concessions 57 91 and milner had no intention of accepting his normal delaying tactics 58 on 9 october 1899 after convincing the orange free state to join him and mobilising their forces kruger issued an ultimatum giving britain 48 hours to withdraw troops from the border of transvaal despite the fact the only regular british troops near the border of either republic were 4 companies deployed to defend kimberley 59 14 otherwise the transvaal allied with the orange free state would declare war news of the ultimatum reached london on the day it expired the editor of the times purportedly laughed out loud when he read it saying an official document is seldom amusing and useful yet this was both the times denounced the ultimatum as an extravagant farce and the globe denounced this trumpery little state most editorials were similar to the daily telegraph s which declared of course there can only be one answer to this grotesque challenge kruger has asked for war and war he must have 60 such views were far from those of the british government and the army army reform had been a matter of pressing concern since the 1870s put off because the public did not want the expense of a larger more professional army and because a large home army was not politically welcome the prime minister had to tell a surprised queen victoria that we have no army capable of meeting even a second class continental power 54 4 first phase the boer offensive october december 1899 edit british army deployed edit when war with the boers seemed imminent in september 1899 a field force referred to as the army corps was mobilised and sent to cape town it was about the equivalent of the i army corps of the existing mobilization scheme and was placed under the command of gen sir redvers buller general officer commanding in chief of aldershot command 61 in south africa the corps never operated as such and the 1st 2nd 3rd divisions were widely dispersed speaking to alistair mcalpine in the 1950s participating soldier lord morley 1878 1962 recounted his deployment from southampton his regiment was paraded on the dock as queen victoria was to inspect them before they left up and down the ranks the queen progressed stiff as a ramrod until she came opposite the young lord morley turning to an aide she rested her hand on his shoulder and dabbed tears from her eyes my fine young men all going to war the queen murmured so few of them will ever come back lord morley told me that he did not find the queen s words reassuring as he boarded the liner that was to take him and his regiment to south africa 62 boer organization and skills edit war was declared on 11 october with a boer offensive into the british held natal and cape colony areas the boers had about 33 000 soldiers and outnumbered the british who could move only 13 000 troops to the front line 63 the boers had no problems with mobilisation since the independent boers had no regular army units apart from the staatsartillerie dutch for state artillery as with the first boer war since most of the boers were members of civilian militias none had adopted uniforms or insignia only the members of the staatsartillerie wore light green uniforms boers in a trench at mafeking 1899 when danger loomed all the burgers citizens in a district would form a military unit called a commando and elect officers a full time official called a veldkornet maintained muster rolls but had no disciplinary powers each man brought his own weapon usually a hunting rifle and horse those who could not afford a gun were given one by the authorities 43 80 the presidents of the transvaal and orange free state simply signed decrees to concentrate within a week and the commandos could muster between 30 000 40 000 men 19 56 many did not look forward to fighting against fellow christians and by and large fellow protestants many had an overly optimistic sense of what the war would involve imagining victory could be achieved as fast and easily as in the first anglo boer war 43 74 many including many generals had a sense their cause was holy and just and blessed by god 43 179 it rapidly became clear that the boers presented the british forces with a severe tactical challenge the boers presented a mobile and innovative approach to warfare drawing on their experiences from the first boer war the boers who made up their commandos were farmers who had their working life in the saddle as farmers and hunters they depended on the pot horse and rifle they were skilled stalkers and marksmen as hunters they had learned to fire from cover from a prone position and to make the first shot count knowing that if they missed the game would be long gone or could charge and potentially kill them at community gatherings target shooting was a major sport they practised shooting at targets such as hens eggs perched on posts 100 metres 110 yd away they made expert mounted infantry using cover from which they could pour in a destructive fire using modern smokeless mauser rifles in preparation for hostilities the boers had acquired around 100 of the latest krupp field guns all horse drawn and dispersed among the kommando groups and several le creusot long tom siege guns the boers skill in adapting themselves to become first rate artillerymen shows that they were a versatile adversary 19 30 the transvaal had an intelligence service that stretched across south africa and of whose extent and efficiency the british were as yet unaware 43 81 boers besiege ladysmith mafeking and kimberley edit war theatre in northern natal the boers struck first on 12 october at the battle of kraaipan an attack that heralded the invasion of the cape colony and natal between october 1899 and january 1900 59 20 with speed and surprise the boers drove quickly towards the british garrison at ladysmith and the smaller ones at mafeking and kimberley the quick boer mobilisation resulted in military successes against scattered british forces sir george stuart white commanding the british division at ladysmith unwisely allowed major general penn symons to throw a brigade forward to the coal mining town of dundee also reported as glencoe surrounded by hills this became the war s first major clash the battle of talana hill boer guns began shelling the british camp from the summit of talana hill at dawn on 20 october penn symons immediately counter attacked his infantry drove the boers from the hill for the loss of 446 british casualties including penn symons another boer force occupied elandslaagte which lay between ladysmith and dundee the british under major general john french and colonel ian hamilton attacked to clear the line of communications to dundee the resulting battle of elandslaagte was a clear cut british tactical victory 59 29 but white feared more boers were about to attack his main position and ordered a chaotic retreat from elandslaagte throwing away the advantage gained the detachment from dundee was compelled to make an exhausting cross country retreat to rejoin white s main force as boers surrounded ladysmith and opened fire with siege guns white ordered a major sortie against them 59 33 the result was a disaster with 140 men killed and over 1 000 captured the siege of ladysmith lasted months meanwhile to the north west at mafeking on the border with transvaal colonel robert baden powell had raised two regiments of local forces amounting to about 1 200 men in order to attack and create diversions if things went wrong further south as a railway junction mafeking provided good supply facilities and was the obvious place for baden powell to fortify in readiness for such attacks however instead of being the aggressor baden powell was forced to defend mafeking when 6 000 boer commanded by piet cronjé attempted a determined assault this quickly subsided into a desultory affair with the boers prepared to starve the stronghold into submission so on 13 october the 217 day siege of mafeking began lastly over 360 kilometres 220 mi to the south of mafeking lay the diamond mining city of kimberley which was also subjected to a siege although not militarily significant it represented an enclave of british imperialism on the borders of the orange free state and was hence an important boer objective in early november about 7 500 boer began their siege again content to starve the town into submission despite boer shelling the 40 000 inhabitants of which only 5 000 were armed were under little threat because the town was well stocked with provisions the garrison was commanded by lieutenant colonel robert kekewich although rhodes was also a prominent figure in the town s defences siege life took its toll on the defending soldiers and civilians as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks in mafeking sol plaatje wrote i saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff the cities also dealt with constant artillery bombardment making the streets dangerous near the end of the siege of kimberley it was expected that the boers would intensify their bombardment so rhodes displayed a notice encouraging people to go down into shafts of the kimberley mine for protection the townspeople panicked and people surged into the mineshafts constantly for a 12 hour period although the bombardment never came this did nothing to diminish the anxious civilians distress the most well heeled of the townspeople including rhodes sheltered in the sanatorium site of the present day mcgregor museum the poorer residents notably the black population did not have any shelter from shelling in retrospect the boers decision to commit themselves to sieges sitzkrieg was a mistake and an illustration of their lack of strategic vision 64 of the seven sieges in the first boer war the boers had prevailed in none more importantly it handed the initiative back to the british and allowed them to recover generally throughout the campaign the boers were too defensive and passive wasting the opportunities they had for victory yet that passivity testified to the fact they had no desire to conquer british territory but only to preserve their ability to rule in their own territory 43 82 85 first british relief attempts edit general redvers henry buller launched an offensive against the boers in the early phases of the war but after several defeats culminating at the battle of colenso he was replaced by lord roberts on 31 october 1899 general sir redvers henry buller a much respected commander arrived in south africa with the army corps made up of the 1st 2nd and 3rd divisions buller originally intended an offensive straight up the railway leading from cape town through bloemfontein to pretoria finding on arrival that british troops were under siege he split his army corps into detachments to relieve the besieged garrisons one division led by lieutenant general lord methuen was to follow the western railway to the north and relieve kimberley and mafeking a smaller force of 3 000 led by major general william gatacre was to push north towards the railway junction at stormberg and secure the cape midlands district from boer raids and rebellions by boer inhabitants buller led the major part of the army corps to relieve ladysmith to the east the initial results of this off...
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