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e wood timber treatment technology llc markets timbersil a sodium silicate wood preservative the timbersil proprietary process surrounds the wood fibers with a protective non toxic amorphous glass matrix the result is a product the company calls glass wood which they claim is class a fire retardant chemically inert rot and decay resistant and superior in strength to untreated wood 23 timbersil is currently involved in litigation over its claims 24 25 potassium silicate edit there are a number of european natural paint fabricants that have developed potassium silicate potassium waterglass based preservatives they frequently include boron compounds cellulose lignin and other plant extracts they are a surface application with a minimal impregnation for internal use bifenthrin spray edit in australia a water based bifenthrin preservative has been developed to improve the insect resistance of timber as this preservative is applied by spray it only penetrates the outer 2 mm of the timber cross section concerns have been raised as to whether this thin envelope system will provide protection against insects in the longer term particularly when exposed to sunlight for extended periods fire retardant treated edit the fireproofing of wood utilizes a fire retardant chemical that remains stable in high temperature environments the fire retardant is applied under pressure at a wood treating plant like the preservatives described above or applied as a surface coating in both cases treatment provides a physical barrier to flame spread the treated wood chars but does not oxidize effectively this creates a convective layer that transfers flame heat to the wood in a uniform way which significantly slows the progress of fire to the material there are several commercially available wood based construction materials using pressure treatment such as those marketed in the united states and elsewhere under the trade names of firepro burnblock wood safe dricon d blaze and pyro guard as well as factory applied coatings under the trade names of pinkwood and nexgen some site applied coatings as well as brominated fire retardants have lost favor due to safety concerns as well as concerns surrounding the consistency of application specialized treatments also exist for wood used in weather exposed applications the only impregnation applied fire retardant commercially available in australia is nexgen guardian which used calcium formate as a powerful wood modifying agent was removed from sale in early 2010 for unspecified reasons oil borne edit these include pentachlorophenol penta and creosote they emit a strong petrochemical odor and are generally not used in consumer products both of these pressure treatments routinely protect wood for 40 years in most applications coal tar creosote edit wood railroad ties before right and after left infusion with creosote at a facility of the santa fe railroad in albuquerque new mexico in march 1943 creosote was the first wood preservative to gain industrial importance more than 150 years ago and it is still widely used today for protection of industrial timber components where long service life is essential creosote is a tar based preservative that is commonly used for utility poles and railroad ties or sleepers creosote is one of the oldest wood preservatives and was originally derived from a wood distillate but now virtually all creosote is manufactured from the distillation of coal tar creosote is regulated as a pesticide and is not usually sold to the general public linseed oil edit in recent years in australia and new zealand linseed oil has been incorporated in preservative formulations as a solvent and water repellent to envelope treat timber this involves just treating the outer 5 mm of the cross section of a timber member with preservative e g permethrin 25 75 leaving the core untreated while not as effective as cca or losp methods envelope treatments are significantly cheaper as they use far less preservative major preservative manufacturers add a blue or red dye to envelope treatments blue colored timber is for use south of the tropic of capricorn and red for elsewhere the colored dye also indicates that the timber is treated for resistance to termites white ants there is an ongoing promotional campaign in australia for this type of treatment other emulsions edit light organic solvent preservatives losp edit this class of timber treatments use white spirit or light oils such as kerosene as the solvent carrier to deliver preservative compounds into timber synthetic pyrethroids are typically used as an insecticide such as permethrin bifenthrin or deltamethrin in australia and new zealand the most common formulations use permethrin as an insecticide and propiconazole and tebuconazole as fungicides while still using a chemical preservative this formulation contains no heavy metal compounds with the introduction of strict volatile organic compound voc laws in the european union losps have disadvantages due to the high cost and long process times associated with vapour recovery systems losps have been emulsified into water based solvents while this does significantly reduce voc emissions the timber swells during treatment removing many of the advantages of losp formulations epoxy edit various epoxy resins usually thinned with a solvent like acetone or methyl ethyl ketone mek can be used to both preserve and seal wood the wood coatings market in general will exceed 12 billion by 2027 26 new technologies edit biological modified timber edit paviljoen eindhoven nobelwood biological modified timber is treated with biopolymers from agricultural waste after drying and curing the soft timber becomes durable and strong with this process fast growing pinewood acquires properties similar to tropical hardwood production facilities for this process are in the netherlands and is known under the trade name nobelwood from agricultural waste like sugarcane bagasse furfuryl alcohol is manufactured theoretically this alcohol can be from any fermented bio mass waste and therefore can be called a green chemical after condensation reactions pre polymers are formed from furfuryl alcohol fast growing softwood is impregnated with the water soluble bio polymer after impregnation the wood is dried and heated which initiates a polymerisation reaction between the bio polymer and the wood cells this process results in wood cells which are resistant to microorganisms at the moment the only timber species which is being used for this process is pinus radiata this is the fastest growing tree species on earth that has a porous structure which is particularly suitable for impregnation processes the technique is applied to timber mainly for the building industry as a cladding material the technique is being further developed in order to reach similar physical and biological properties of other polyfurfuryl impregnated wood species besides the impregnation with the biopolymers the timber can also be impregnated with fire retardant resins this combination creates a timber with durability class i and a fire safety certification of euro class b acetylation of wood edit this bridge made from acetylated wood near sneek the netherlands is designed to carry heavy traffic chemical modification of wood at the molecular level has been used to improve its performance properties many chemical reaction systems for the modification of wood especially those using various types of anhydrides have been published however the reaction of wood with acetic anhydride has been the most studied 27 28 29 the physical properties of any material are determined by its chemical structure wood contains an abundance of chemical groups called free hydroxyls free hydroxyl groups readily absorb and release water according to changes in the climatic conditions to which they are exposed this is the main reason why wood s dimensional stability is impacted by swelling and shrinking it is also believed that the digestion of wood by enzymes initiates at the free hydroxyl sites which is one of the principal reasons why wood is prone to decay 30 acetylation effectively changes the compounds with free hydroxyls within wood into acetate esters 31 this is done by reacting the wood with acetic anhydride which comes from acetic acid when free hydroxyl groups are transformed to acetoxy groups the ability of the wood to absorb water is greatly reduced rendering the wood more dimensionally stable and because it is no longer digestible extremely durable in general softwoods naturally have an acetyl content from 0 5 to 1 5 and more durable hardwoods from 2 to 4 5 acetylation takes wood well beyond these levels with corresponding benefits these include an extended coatings life due to acetylated wood acting as a more stable substrate for paints and translucent coatings acetylated wood is non toxic and does not have the environmental issues associated with traditional preservation techniques the acetylation of wood was first done in germany in 1928 by fuchs in 1946 tarkow stamm and erickson first described the use of wood acetylation to stabilize wood from swelling in water since the 1940s many laboratories around the world have looked at acetylation of many different types of woods and agricultural resources in spite of the vast amount of research on chemical modification of wood and more specifically on the acetylation of wood commercialization did not come easily the first patent on the acetylation of wood was filed by suida in austria in 1930 later in 1947 stamm and tarkow filed a patent on the acetylation of wood and boards using pyridine as a catalyst in 1961 the koppers company published a technical bulletin on the acetylation of wood using no catalysis but with an organic cosolvent 32 in 1977 in russia otlesnov and nikitina came close to commercialization but the process was discontinued presumably because cost effectiveness could not be achieved in 2007 titan wood a london based company with production facilities in the netherlands achieved cost effective commercialization and began large scale production of acetylated wood under the trade name accoya 33 natural edit copper plating edit copper plating or copper sheathing is the practice of covering wood most commonly wooden hulls of ships with copper metal as metallic copper is both repellent and toxic to fungus insects such as termites and marine bi valves this would preserve the wood and also act as an anti fouling measure to prevent aquatic life from attaching to the ship s hull and reducing a ship s speed and maneuverability modern marine bottom paints often incorporate a significant amount of copper in their formulations for the same reason although they are not recommended for aluminum hulls because of the possibilities for galvanic corrosion 34 naturally rot resistant woods edit these species are resistant to decay in their natural state due to high levels of organic chemicals called extractives mainly polyphenols providing them antimicrobial properties 35 extractives are chemicals that are deposited in the heartwood of certain tree species as they convert sapwood to heartwood they are present in both parts though 36 huon pine lagarostrobos franklinii merbau intsia bijuga ironbark eucalyptus spp totara podocarpus totara puriri vitex lucens kauri agathis australis and many cypresses such as coast redwood sequoia sempervirens and western red cedar thuja plicata fall in this category however many of these species tend to be prohibitively expensive for general construction applications huon pine was used for ship hulls in the 19th century but over harvesting and huon pine s extremely slow growth rate makes this now a specialty timber huon pine is so rot resistant that fallen trees from many years ago are still commercially valuable merbau is still a popular decking timber and has a long life in above ground applications but it is logged in an unsustainable manner and is too hard and brittle for general use ironbark is a good choice where available it is harvested from both old growth and plantation in australia and is highly resistant to rot and termites it is most commonly used for fence posts and house stumps eastern red cedar juniperus virginiana and black locust robinia pseudoacacia have long been used for rot resistant fence posts and rails in eastern united states with the black locust also planted in modern times in europe coast redwood is commonly used for similar applications in the western united states totara and puriri were used extensively in new zealand during the european colonial era when native forests were mined even as fence posts of which many are still operating totara was used by the māori to build large waka canoes today they are specialty timbers as a result of their scarcity although lower grade stocks are sold for landscaping use kauri is a superb timber for building the hulls and decks of boats it too is now a specialty timber and ancient logs in excess of 3 000 years that have been mined from swamps are used by wood turners and furniture makers the natural durability or rot and insect resistance of wood species is always based on the heartwood or truewood the sapwood of all timber species should be considered to be non durable without preservative treatment natural extractives edit natural substances purified from naturally rot resistant trees and responsible for natural durability also known as natural extractives are another promising wood preservatives several compounds have been described to be responsible for natural durability including different polyphenols lignins lignans such as gmelinol plicatic acid hinokitiol α cadinol and other sesquiterpenoids flavonoids such as mesquitol and other substances 37 38 39 these compounds are mostly identified in the heartwood although they are also present in minimal concentrations in the sapwood 40 tannins which have also shown to act as protectants are present in the bark of trees 41 treatment of timber with natural extractives such as hinokitiol tannins and different tree extracts has been studied and proposed to be another environmentally friendly wood preservation method 42 43 44 45 tung oil edit tung oil has been used for hundreds of years in china where it was used as a preservative for wood ships the oil penetrates the wood and then hardens to form an impermeable hydrophobic layer up to 5 mm into the wood as a preservative it is effective for exterior work above and below ground but the thin layer makes it less useful in practice it is not available as a pressure treatment heat treatments edit main article thermally modified wood by going beyond kiln drying wood heat treatment may make timber more durable by heating timber to a certain temperature 46 it may be possible to make the wood fibre less appetizing to insects heat treatment can also improve the properties of the wood with respect to water with lower equilibrium moisture less moisture deform...
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