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9 million square kilometers or 1 9 million square miles roughly midway between the sizes of australia and india if rested on the earth its ceiling would be inside the upper boundary of the exosphere but outside the lower boundary 22 by way of comparison the international space station maintains an orbit with an altitude of about 386 km 240 mi above the earth 23 revelation 21 22 edit the book of revelation may have been composed during the end of the 1st century ad near the end of domitian s reign a d 96 although some date it to the later end of the reign of emperor nero domitius 54 to 68 ce the work is addressed to the seven churches that are in asia 1 4 revelation is normally broken into three sections the prologue 1 1 3 22 the visions 4 1 22 5 and the epilogue 22 6 20 this study is principally concerned with chapter 21 the author of revelation was both a jew by birth and a believing christian the author and the addressees of revelation are searching for the lord to vindicate them and judge the inhabitants of the earth for their suffering 6 10 the fall of jerusalem coupled with the neronian persecutions form the tension within the subtext of revelation throughout revelation several references to the temple are made rev 3 12 7 15 11 19 14 15 16 1 this temple appears to be of heavenly origin when the eschaton arrives in rev 21 1 the reader expects the temple to come down from heaven with the new jerusalem revelation 21 even contains typical new jerusalem terminology that accompanies a restored temple specific measurements are given for the new city ezekiel 40 48 4q554 and the city is built with gold sapphires and emeralds isaiah tobit in addition 21 21 references the twelve gates revelation maintains another typical aspect of new jerusalem tradition the reunification of the twelve tribes of israel ezekiel 48 33 34 4q554 verse 22 marks a sudden and remarkable shift in new jerusalem apocalyptic rhetoric i saw no temple in the city for its temple is the lord god almighty and the lamb following with the tradition of 3 baruch and 4 sibylline oracles revelation foresees an eschaton without the temple why has the revelation suddenly denied an eschatological temple verse 23 sheds light on this disparity verse 23 proclaims and the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it for the glory of god is the light and its lamp is the lamb for the author of revelation there is no need for a temple because the lord will be the new jerusalem s eternal light and jesus the lamb will be its lamp this re interpretation uses isaiah to make its case the lord will be your everlasting light and your god will be your glory your sun shall no more go down or your moon withdraw itself for the lord will be your everlasting light and your days of mourning shall be ended isaiah 60 19 the temple is discarded in the eschaton because the lord will provide illumination for the new jerusalem and christ will be the glory for its residents henceforth christians believed that the new jerusalem no longer required a temple for christians their lord sufficiently replaced the temple new jerusalem dead sea scrolls edit discovered among the dead sea scrolls near qumran israel were fragments of a scroll which describes new jerusalem in minute detail the new jerusalem scroll as it is called appears to contain apocalyptic vision although being fragmented it is hard to categorize written in aramaic the text describes a vast city rectangular in shape with twelve gates and encircled by a long wall similar descriptions appear in ezekiel 40 48 and revelation 21 22 and comparison to the temple scroll also found near qumran shows many similarities despite no direct literary links between the two montanism edit from the middle of the 2nd century ce to the middle of the 6th century ce the ancient christian sect of montanism which spread throughout the roman empire expected the new jerusalem to descend to earth at the neighboring phrygian towns of pepuza and tymion in late antiquity both places attracted crowds of pilgrims from all over the roman empire pepuza was the headquarters of the montanist church the montanist patriarch resided at pepuza women played an emancipated role in montanism serving as priests and also bishops in the 6th century ce this church became extinct since 2001 peter lampe of the university of heidelberg has directed annual archaeological campaigns in phrygia turkey during these interdisciplinary campaigns together with william tabbernee of tulsa oklahoma numerous unknown ancient settlements were discovered and archaeologically documented two of them are the best candidates so far in the search for the identification of the two holy centers of ancient montanism pepuza and tymion the sites of the expected descent of the new jerusalem scholars had searched for these lost sites since the 19th century the ancient settlement discovered and identified as pepuza by william tabbernee and peter lampe was settled continuously from hellenistic times to byzantine times in byzantine times an important rock cut monastery belonged to the town the town is in the phrygian karahallı area near the village of karayakuplu uşak province aegean region turkey the ancient site of tymion identified by peter lampe is located not far away at the turkish village of şükranje for the montanists the high plane between pepuza and tymion was an ideal landing place for the heavenly new jerusalem catholicism edit the new jerusalem julius schnorr von carolsfeld 1860 the catholic church places the new jerusalem in the eschatological role found in revelation catholicism also holds that the new jerusalem already exists as a spiritual community in heaven the church triumphant with an outpost on earth the church militant together the church triumphant church militant and church suffering form the church universal augustine of hippo a doctor of the church and church father draws inspiration from john s account of the new jerusalem to outline this view in his monumental work the city of god the catholic encyclopedia article on heaven states that catholic theologians deem more appropriate that there should be a special and glorious abode in which the blessed have their peculiar home and where they usually abide even though they be free to go about in this world for the surroundings in the midst of which the blessed have their dwelling must be in accordance with their happy state and the internal union of charity which joins them in affection must find its outward expression in community of habitation at the end of the world the earth together with the celestial bodies will be gloriously transformed into a part of the dwelling place of the blessed revelation 21 hence there seems to be no sufficient reason for attributing a metaphorical sense to those numerous utterances of the bible which suggest a definite dwelling place of the blessed theologians therefore generally hold that the heaven of the blessed is a special place with definite limits naturally this place is held to exist not within the earth but in accordance with the expressions of scripture without and beyond its limits all further details regarding its locality are quite uncertain the church has decided nothing on this subject eastern christianity edit emperor lalibela of ethiopia built the city of lalibela as a new reconstructed jerusalem in response to the muslim capture of jerusalem by saladin s forces in 1187 the eastern orthodox church teaches that the new jerusalem is the city of god that will come down from heaven in the manner described in the book of the apocalypse revelation the church is an icon of the heavenly jerusalem 24 the new jerusalem monastery in russia takes its name from the heavenly jerusalem puritans edit the new jerusalem was an important theme in the puritan colonization of new england in the 17th century the puritans were inspired by the passages in revelation about the new jerusalem which they interpreted as being a symbol for the new world the puritans saw themselves as the builders of the new jerusalem on earth this idea was foundational to american nationalism 25 swedenborgian edit ecclesiastic swedenborgians often refer to their organizations as part of or contributing to the new jerusalem as explained by emanuel swedenborg in such books as new jerusalem and its heavenly doctrine apocalypse revealed and apocalypse explained according to swedenborg the new jerusalem described in the bible is a symbol for a new dispensation that was to replace restore christianity also according to these books this new jerusalem began to be established around 1757 this stems from their belief that jerusalem itself is a symbol of the church and so the new jerusalem in the bible is a prophetic description of a new church latter day saints edit see also zion latter day saints in the latter day saint movement the new jerusalem is viewed as a physical kingdom that will be built in north america 26 centered on independence missouri 27 the movement refers to the new jerusalem as zion the movement s founder joseph smith attempted to establish this zion in the early 1830s and drafted a detailed plat of zion based on his view of the biblical description of the new jerusalem including plans for a temple however due to political and military rivalry with other missouri settlers members of the religion were expelled from missouri in 1838 subsequently several latter day saint denominations have established residence there believing that it will be the center of god s millennial kingdom jehovah s witnesses edit main article the anointed jehovah s witnesses and salvation jehovah s witnesses believe that new jerusalem is made up of anointed christians serving in heaven as kings and priests over the earth the number of these king priests will eventually total 144 000 this belief is based on new jerusalem being described as a bride adorned for her husband rev 21 2 and this same bride then being described as the lamb s wife rev 21 9 10 rev 14 1 is seen as depicting a wife like relationship between the lamb and the 144 000 therefore linking the identity of the 144 000 with the lamb s wife and in turn also that of new jerusalem 28 universal friends edit the religious community known collectively as the society of universal friends that gathered around the quaker evangelist known as the public universal friend in the late 18th century was one of religious righteousness and devotion to christian ideals in 1790 the preacher founded a community called new jerusalem planned as a communal society where righteousness would prevail in the wilderness of new york s finger lakes region in what is today the town of jerusalem new york the society faded away after the death of their leader british israelism edit richard brothers the originator of british israelism developed a viewpoint that the british are descended from the lost tribes of israel and that the capital city of britain should therefore be re modeled as a new jerusalem for the coming age of enlightenment supposedly this idea was already present in 16th century england and that it reached its height of influence during and just after the first world war certain buildings such as st paul s cathedral supposedly contain elements of the plan in their design bedwardism edit bedwardism a jamaican religious movement active between 1889 and 1921 asserted that august town a suburb of kingston was the new jerusalem for the western hemisphere and that union camp where alexander bedward s free baptist church was located was zion this movement fell apart when bedward was arrested in 1921 kimbanguism edit kimbanguism a congolese sectarian church founded in 1921 by simon kimbangu refers to kimbangu s birthplace in nkamba congo a village near mbanza ngungu as new jerusalem where he reputedly performed miracles like bedward kimbangu was imprisoned for life in the year 1921 however his movement continues with many followers to the present the kimbanguist believe that people of the nkamba village saw the new jerusalem descending from heaven a building physically in 1935 by which time father simon kimbangu was in prison the kimbanguist has constructed this same design of the building calling it nkamba new jerusalem in reference to revelation 21 it has a river with supposed healing power taiping heavenly kingdom edit in 1853 the taiping heavenly kingdom captured nanjing nanking during the taiping rebellion against the qing dynasty of china and renamed the city new jerusalem 29 baháʼí faith edit the baháʼí faith views the new jerusalem as the renewal of religion that takes place about every thousand years and which secures the prosperity of the human world 30 31 bahá u lláh the founder of the baháʼí faith identified the new jerusalem with his claimed revelation the word of god and more specifically with the law of god 32 33 abdu l bahá bahá u lláh s son further explains that the new jerusalem which descends from heaven is not an actual city which is renewed but the law of god since it descends from heaven through a new revelation and it is renewed 34 shoghi effendi head of the religion after the death of abdu l bahá stated that specifically bahá u lláh s book of laws the kitáb i aqdas is the new jerusalem 35 36 bahá u lláh in the tablet of carmel also states that the new jerusalem had appeared upon the new mount zion mount carmel 32 music edit the latin christian hymn urbs beata jerusalem dating from the 7th or 8th century makes reference to the heavenly salem as a place of peace and love and a symbol for the christian s longing for heaven the 1851 english translation by john mason neale is blessed city heavenly salem 37 38 the lutheran hymn jerusalem du hochgebaute stadt with lyrics written by johann matthäus meyfart in 1626 describes entering the heavenly jerusalem it was set by composers such as max reger and sigfrid karg elert in the 1972 song supper s ready by english progressive rock group genesis the closing section as sure as eggs is eggs aching men s feet describes the arrival of the new jerusalem and admission of the righteous 39 the 1989 song let the river run by carly simon prominently mentions the new jerusalem as an allusion to new york city in its first and last verses see also edit judaism portal christianity portal and did those feet in ancient time birobidzhan city upon a hill jewish eschatology kingdom of god christianity lamb of god last judgment new galilee sixth epoch new jerusalem theater new world order baháʼí rauðúlfs þáttr sacred geometry notes edit ezekiel 48 35 isaiah 56 7 ezekiel 45 6 zechariah 14 17 19 rashi vilna gaon and malbim to ezekiel chap 40 1 2 3 4 paradise jewishencyclopedia com www jewishencyclopedia com 1 2 3 eden garden of jewishencyclopedia com www jewishencyclopedia com zechariah 2 4 5 the rebuilding of the walls under nehemiah is covered in the book of nehemiah isaiah 54 11 14 e p sanders judaism practice and belief 63 bce 66 ce philadelphia trinity 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