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ties with some towns explicitly prohibiting them from owning property or joining local clubs 9 black americans were also affected through widespread and often well documented exclusionary policies these discriminatory policies and actions distinguish sundown towns from towns that have no black residents for demographic reasons historically towns have been confirmed as sundown towns by newspaper articles county histories and works progress administration files this information has been corroborated by tax or u s census records showing an absence of black people or a sharp drop in the black population between two censuses 10 3 11 history edit the earliest legal restrictions on the nighttime activities and movements of african americans and other racial minorities date back to the colonial era the general court and legislative assembly of the province of new hampshire passed an act to prevent disorders in the night in 1714 12 13 whereas great disorders insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by indian negro and molatto servants and slaves to the disquiet and hurt of her majesty s subjects no indian negro or molatto is to be from home after 9 o clock notices emphasizing and re affirming the curfew were published in the new hampshire gazette in 1764 and 1771 12 following the american revolutionary war virginia was the first u s state to prohibit the entry of all free negros 14 in the northwest territory which existed from 1787 to 1803 local authorities across the region imposed special regulations on free black americans migrating to the territory known as black laws these included requiring them to register themselves with county officials and post bonds designed to ensure that they would not become dependent on public relief as noted by the historian kate masur many americans in free states and slave states alike viewed laws that imposed special regulations on free people of african or native american descent as just another appropriate use of the police power 14 following the end of the reconstruction era thousands of towns and counties across the united states became sundown localities as part of the imposition of jim crow laws and other segregationist practices in most cases the exclusion was official town policy or was promulgated by the community s real estate agents via exclusionary covenants governing who could buy or rent property in others the policy was enforced through intimidation this intimidation could occur in several ways including harassment by law enforcement officers 15 though no sundown towns exist today in the sense of publicly or legally excluding non white residents some commentators have applied the term to towns practicing other forms of racial exclusion 5 in 1844 oregon which had banned slavery banned african americans from the territory altogether those who failed to leave were liable to receive lashings under a law known as the peter burnett lash law named for provisional supreme judge peter burnett no persons were ever lashed under the law it was quickly amended to replace lashing with forced labor and eventually repealed the following year after a change in the makeup of the legislature 16 17 however additional laws aimed at african americans entering oregon were ratified in 1849 and 1857 the last of which was not repealed until 1926 18 19 20 outside oregon other places looked to laws and legislation to restrict black people from residing within cities towns and states 21 in 1853 new black residents were banned from moving to the state of illinois those new residents who remained more than ten days and were unable to pay the fine were to be punished by forced labor although this law faced significant resistance especially in illinois small black community it was not repealed until the end of the civil war in 1865 22 similar bans on all black migration were passed in michigan ohio and iowa 23 from its founding in 1871 until the early 1960s tempe arizona allowed blacks to work in the city during the day but prohibited them from residing there or staying within city limits after dark 24 norman oklahoma was a sundown town from 1889 until 1967 25 beyond state level legal restrictions such as anti miscegenation laws and segregated public higher education its sundown reputation was reinforced by extralegal means there were violent racial expulsions ku klux klan activity and general denial of rights and services 25 until 1967 non whites were not permitted to be outside after dark 26 new laws were enacted in the 20th century one example is louisville kentucky whose mayor proposed a law in 1911 that would restrict black people from owning property in certain parts of the city 27 this city ordinance reached public attention when it was challenged in the u s supreme court in the case of buchanan v warley in 1917 ultimately the court decided that the laws passed in louisville were unconstitutional thus setting the legal precedent that similar laws could not exist or be passed in the future 27 however this outcome did not stop towns from excluding black residents some city planners and real estate companies exercised their private authority to uphold racial segregation at the community level 28 in addition to discriminatory housing rules violence and harassment were sometimes used by locals to discourage black people from remaining in their cities after sundown 29 whites in the north felt threatened by the increased minority populations moving into their neighborhoods and racial tensions started to build interracial violence became more common sometimes escalating to race riots after the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and especially since the fair housing act of 1968 prohibition of racial discrimination in the sale rental and financing of housing sundown towns gradually disappeared with de facto sundown towns existing into the 1980s 30 however as sociologist james w loewen wrote in his 2005 book sundown towns a hidden dimension of american racism it is impossible to count precisely the number of sundown towns at any given time because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town s sundown status he further noted that hundreds of cities across america have been sundown towns at some point in their history 31 additionally loewen wrote that sundown status meant more than just african americans being unable to live in those towns any black people who entered or were found in sundown towns after sunset were subject to harassment threats and violence including lynching 31 the u s supreme court case of brown v board of education declared segregation of schools unconstitutional in 1954 loewen speculates that the case caused some municipalities in the south to become sundown towns missouri tennessee and kentucky saw drastic drops in african american populations living in those states following the decision 3 in 2019 sociologist heather o connell wrote that sundown towns are primarily a thing of the past 32 however historian james w loewen notes persisting effects of sundown towns violently enforced segregation even after they may have been integrated to a small degree a phenomenon he called second generation sundown towns 4 function edit sundown towns ethnic exclusions edit african americans were not the only minority group not allowed to live in white towns one example according to loewen is that in 1870 chinese people made up one third of idaho s population following a wave of violence and an 1886 anti chinese convention in boise almost none remained by 1910 31 51 the towns of minden and gardnerville in nevada had an ordinance from 1917 to 1974 that required native americans to leave the towns by 6 30 p m each day 33 a whistle later a siren was sounded at 6 p m daily alerting native americans to leave by sundown 31 23 33 in 2021 the state of nevada passed a law prohibiting the appropriation of native american imagery by the mascots of schools and the sounding of sirens that were once associated with sundown ordinances despite this law minden continued to sound its siren for two more years stating that it was a nightly tribute to first responders 34 35 36 37 an additional state law in 2023 led minden to end the siren 38 two examples of the road signs documented during the first half of the 20th century include 39 in colorado no mexicans after night in connecticut whites only within city limits after dark in her 2011 article preemption patchwork immigration laws and the potential for brown sundown towns in the fordham law review maria marulanda outlines the possibility for non blacks to be excluded from towns in the united states she argues that immigration laws and ordinances in certain municipalities could create situations similar to those experienced by african americans in sundown towns hispanic americans are likely to suffer despite the purported target being undocumented immigrants in these cases of racial exclusion 40 from 1851 to at least 1876 antioch california had a sundown ordinance that barred chinese residents from being out in public after dark 41 in 1876 white residents drove the chinese out of town and then burned down the chinatown section of the city 41 chinese americans were also excluded from most of san francisco leading to the establishment of chinatown 42 43 travel guides edit 1940 edition of the negro motorist green book described by former naacp president julian bond as one of the survival tools of segregated life 44 the negro motorist green book at times titled the negro traveler s green book or the negro motorist green book and commonly referred to simply as the green book was an annual segregation era guidebook for african american motorists published by new york travel agent and former hackensack new jersey letter carrier victor h green 44 45 it was published in the united states from 1936 to 1966 during the jim crow era when discrimination against non whites was widespread 46 47 road trips for african americans were inconvenient and in some cases dangerous because of racial segregation racial profiling by police the high rate of murder of african american travelers citation needed and the existence of numerous sundown towns according to author kate kelly there were at least 10 000 sundown towns in the united states as late as the 1960s in a sundown town nonwhites had to leave the city limits by dusk or they could be picked up by the police or worse these towns were not limited to the south they ranged from levittown new york to glendale california 48 and included the majority of municipalities in illinois the green book also advised drivers to wear or have ready a chauffeur s cap and if stopped relate that they were delivering a car for a white person 44 on june 7 2017 the naacp issued a warning to prospective african american travelers to missouri this is the first naacp warning ever covering an entire state 49 the naacp conference president suggested that if prospective african american travelers must go to missouri they travel with bail money in hand 50 sundown suburbs edit a sculpture on windom road between north brentwood maryland a historically black community and brentwood maryland a sundown town depicts two hands removing the original barrier between the municipalities many suburban areas in the united states were incorporated following the establishment of jim crow laws the majority of suburbs were made up of all white residents from the time they were first created most sundown suburbs were created between 1906 and 1968 by 1970 at the peak of the civil rights era some sundown suburbs had already begun to desegregate harassment and inducements contributed to keeping african americans out of new suburban areas 51 list of sundown towns edit main article list of sundown towns in the united states sundown towns in popular culture edit this section may contain irrelevant references to popular culture please help improve it by removing such content and adding citations to reliable independent sources september 2020 gentleman s agreement 1947 is known as the only feature film of its era to treat sundown towns seriously 31 14 it features a town that excludes jewish people rather than black people according to james w loewen the anti nazi ideology opened more sundown suburbs to jews than to african americans gentleman s agreement elia kazan s 1948 academy award winning movie exposed darien connecticut as an anti jewish sundown town 31 394 the fugitive kind 1960 a film directed by sidney lumet and starring marlon brando and anna magnani mentions sundown towns a southern sheriff tells brando s character about a sign in the small town that reads nigger don t let the sun go down on you in this county 3 the same sign is shown in tennessee williams s play orpheus descending upon which the film is based 52 in her memoir i know why the caged bird sings 1969 poet maya angelou describes mississippi as inhospitable to african americans after dark don t let the sun set on you here nigger mississippi 53 oprah winfrey visited forsyth county georgia during a 1987 episode of her television show following the 1987 forsyth county protests the protests stemmed from continued racial conflict and reputation as a sundown town area into the 1960s following the expulsion of african americans in the 1920s 3 trouble behind 1991 a documentary by robby henson examines the history and legacy of racism in corbin kentucky a small railroad community noteworthy both as the home of colonel sanders kentucky fried chicken and for its race riots of 1919 during which over two hundred blacks were loaded onto boxcars and shipped out of town the film aired at the 1991 sundance film festival and was nominated for the grand jury prize 54 55 56 no niggers no jews no dogs 2000 a play by john henry redwood 57 banished how whites drove blacks out of town in america 2006 a documentary by marco williams 58 59 that was inspired by elliot jaspin s book buried in the bitter waters the hidden history of racial cleansing in america 2007 60 61 sundown town 2011 a play by kevin d cohea 57 the injustice files sundown towns february 24 2014 an investigation discovery documentary by filmmaker keith beauchamp executive produced by al roker 62 63 green book 2018 the academy award winner for best picture is a comedy drama about a tour of the deep south in the 1960s by african american classical and jazz pianist don shirley mahershala ali who is arrested in a southern town for being out after sundown in the first episode of the 2020 television series lovecraft country 2020 tv series based on the 2016 book written by matt ruff the protagonists embarking on a road trip across 1950s jim crow america are pulled over by a police officer who informs them they are in a sundown county and threatens that they could be lynched if they do not leave the county before sundown 64 65 see also edit list of expulsions of african americans including some towns that be...
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