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ladder the function is poorly understood but this structure is presumed to take part in the transmission of vibrations from the swim bladder to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound which would explain why the ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing 5 cyprinus rubrofuscus amur carp have been domesticated and bred in japan since the early 19th century for ornamental purposes in their koi form most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet tribolodon is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water several species move into brackish water but return to fresh water to spawn all of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range 5 some consider all cyprinid fishes carp by whom and the family cyprinidae itself is often known as the carp family in colloquial use carp usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as cyprinus carpio common carp carassius carassius crucian carp ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp hypophthalmichthys molitrix silver carp and hypophthalmichthys nobilis bighead carp common carp are native to both eastern europe and western asia 6 so they are sometimes called eurasian carp carp have long been an important food fish to humans several species such as the various goldfish carassius auratus breeds and the domesticated common carp variety known as koi cyprinus rubrofuscus var koi have been popular ornamental fishes as a result carp have been introduced to various locations though with mixed results several species of carp are considered invasive species in the united states 7 and worldwide large sums of money are spent on carp control 8 at least some species of carp are able to survive for months with practically no oxygen for example under ice or in stagnant scummy water by metabolizing glycogen to form lactic acid which is then converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide the ethanol diffuses into the surrounding water through the gills 9 10 11 species edit this article is part of a series on commercial fish large predatory billfish bonito mackerel salmon shark tuna forage anchovy herring menhaden sardine shad sprat demersal cod eel flatfish pollock ray mixed carp tilapia v t e some prominent carp in the family cyprinidae common name scientific name max length cm common length cm max weight kg max age yr trophic level fish base fao itis iucn status silver carp hypophthalmichthys molitrix valenciennes 1844 105 18 50 2 0 12 13 14 near threatened 15 common carp european carp cyprinus carpio linnaeus 1758 110 31 40 1 38 3 0 16 17 18 least concern 19 grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella valenciennes 1844 150 10 7 45 0 21 2 0 20 21 not assessed bighead carp hypophthalmichthys nobilis richardson 1845 146 60 40 0 20 2 3 22 23 data deficient 24 crucian carp carassius carassius linnaeus 1758 64 15 3 0 10 3 1 25 26 least concern 24 catla carp indian carp cyprinus catla hamilton 1822 182 38 6 2 8 27 28 least concern 29 mrigal carp cirrhinus cirrhosus bloch 1795 100 40 12 7 2 5 30 31 vulnerable 32 black carp mylopharyngodon piceus richardson 1846 122 12 2 35 13 3 2 33 34 not assessed mud carp cirrhinus molitorella valenciennes 1844 55 0 15 2 0 50 2 0 35 36 near threatened 37 caspian roach rutilus caspicus yakovlev 1870 45 32 5 2 38 least concern 39 recreational fishing edit main article carp fishing anglers posing with very large carp in 1653 izaak walton wrote in the compleat angler the carp is the queen of rivers a stately a good and a very subtle fish that was not at first bred nor hath been long in england but is now naturalised carp are variable in terms of angling value in europe even when not fished for food they are eagerly sought by anglers being considered highly prized coarse fish that are difficult to hook 40 the uk has a thriving carp angling market with the british record for the heaviest carp being 68lb 1oz 41 it is the fastest growing angling market in the uk and has spawned a number of specialised carp angling publications such as carpology 42 advanced carp fishing carpworld 43 and total carp and informative carp angling web sites such as carpfishing uk 44 and carp squad in the united states carp are also classified as a rough fish as well as a damaging naturalized exotic species but with sporting qualities carp have long suffered from a poor reputation in the united states as undesirable for angling or for the table especially since they are typically an invasive species out competing more desirable local game fish nonetheless many states departments of natural resources are beginning to view the carp as an angling fish instead of a maligned pest groups such as wild carp companies 45 american carp society 46 and the carp anglers group 47 promote the sport and work with fisheries departments to organize events to introduce and expose others to the unique opportunity the carp offers freshwater anglers the common carp is one of the most abundant species of carp found in most rivers creeks lakes and ponds throughout the midwest region of the united states common carp are a particularly strong fish that fight hard on the end of anglers lines making them an appealing target for recreational fishermen 48 since its introduction to the waters of the united states in the 1880s 49 these fish have been viewed as a game fish despite the fact that they are a destructive and invasive species aquaculture edit see also aquaculture in china aquaculture production of cyprinids by species in million tonnes 1950 2010 as reported by the fao 50 various species of carp have been domesticated and reared as food fish across europe and asia for thousands of years these various species appear to have been domesticated independently as they are native to different parts of eurasia aquaculture has been pursued in china for at least 2 400 years a tract by fan li in the fifth century bc details many of the ways carp were raised in ponds 51 the common carp cyprinus carpio is originally from central europe 52 several carp species collectively known as asian carp were domesticated in east asia carp that are originally from south asia for example catla gibelion catla rohu labeo rohita and mrigal cirrhinus cirrhosus are known as indian carp their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world although carp was an important aquatic food item as more fish species have become readily available for the table the importance of carp culture in western europe has diminished demand has declined partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as trout and salmon through intensive farming and environmental constraints however fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in central and eastern europe including the russian federation where most of the production comes from low or intermediate intensity ponds in asia the farming of carp continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea farmed species such as salmon and tuna 53 breeding edit selective breeding programs for the common carp include improvement in growth shape and resistance to disease experiments carried out in the ussr used crossings of broodstocks to increase genetic diversity and then selected the species for traits such as growth rate exterior traits and viability and or adaptation to environmental conditions such as variations in temperature 54 55 from these experiments ropsha hybrid carp were developed for traits such as tolerance to cold 56 an increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in vietnam 57 moav and wohlfarth 1976 showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth 58 schaperclaus 1962 showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality 11 5 compared to unselected 57 59 the major carp species used traditionally in chinese aquaculture are the black grass silver and bighead carp in the 1950s the pearl river fishery research institute in china made a technological breakthrough in the induced breeding of these carps which resulted in a rapid expansion of freshwater aquaculture in china 60 in the late 1990s scientists at the chinese academy of fishery sciences developed a new variant of the common carp called the jian carp cyprinus carpio var jian this fish grows rapidly and has a high feed conversion rate over 50 of the total aquaculture production of carp in china has now converted to jian carp 60 61 the major traditional aquaculture carp of china black carp grass carp silver carp bighead carp as ornamental fish edit main articles goldfish koi and koi pond goldfish and other carp from fish swimming amid falling flowers a song dynasty painting by liu cai c 1080 1120 man feeding a shoal of koi at atago shrine in minato tokyo japan an oranda type variegated pearlscale carp along with many of their cyprinid relatives are popular ornamental aquarium and pond fish ornamental goldfish were originally domesticated from their wild form a dark greyish brown carp native to asia but may have been influenced by carassius carassius and carassius gibelio they were first bred for color in china over a thousand years ago due to selective breeding goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds and are found in various colors color patterns forms and sizes far different from those of the original carp goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in china for thousands of years before being introduced to japan in 1603 and to europe in 1611 62 nishikigoi better known simply as koi are a domesticated varieties of common carp and amur carp cyprinus rubrofuscus that have been selectively bred for color the common carp was introduced from china to japan where selective breeding in the 1820s in the niigata region resulted in koi 63 in japanese culture koi are treated with affection and seen as good luck 64 they are popular in other parts of the world as outdoor pond fish 65 as food edit wikibooks cookbook has a recipe module on carp slices of grass carp fillets for sale at a supermarket in hong kong bighead carp is enjoyed in many parts of the world but it has not become a popular food fish in north america acceptance has been hindered in part by the name carp and its association with the common carp which is not a generally favored fish to be eaten in north america the flesh of the bighead carp is white and firm different from that of the common carp which is darker and richer bighead carp flesh shares one similarity with common carp flesh both have intramuscular bones within the filet however bighead carp captured from the wild in the united states tend to be much larger than common carp so the intramuscular bones are also larger and thus less problematic common carp breaded and fried is part of traditional christmas eve dinners in slovakia poland the eastern part of croatia and in the czech republic in pond based water agriculture it is treated as the most prominent food fish some recipes are specifically for carp such as sweet and sour carp chinese 糖醋鯉魚 pinyin tángcù lǐyú and thick miso soup with carp japanese 鯉こく romanized koikoku crucian carp is considered the best tasting pan fish in poland it is known as karaś and is served traditionally with sour cream karasie w śmietanie 66 in russia this particular species is called золотой карась meaning golden crucian it is one of the fish used in a borscht recipe called borshch s karasej 67 mud carp due to the low cost of production is mainly consumed by the poor locally it is mostly sold alive but can be dried and salted carp aquaculture has become an important industry worldwide particularly in asia where carp farming provides a significant source of protein for both human consumption and aquaculture feed production 68 an important food fish in guangdong province it is also cultured in this area and taiwan mud carp is sometimes canned or processed as fish cakes fish balls 69 or dumplings 68 as used in cantonese and shunde cuisines it can be combined with douchi or chinese fermented black beans in a dish called fried dace with salted black beans it can be served cooked with vegetables such as chinese cabbage fisherman s soup kuai taramosalata masgouf a popular iraqi dish consisting of seasoned grilled carp gefilte fish an ashkenazi jewish dish made from a poached mixture of ground deboned fish primarily carp whitefish and pike gallery edit carp based dishes catla kalia a popular fish curry preparation from west bengal india carp curry india fried carp from franconia germany pan fried crucian carp russia traditional christmas dinner fried carp with potato salad czech republic stir fried crucian carp with rice japan carp fish in spices and herbs cooked in a banana leaf sundanese deep fried chunk of pickled pla som silver barb pla taphian barbecued carp northern croatia koikoku thick miso soup with carp japan common carp in culture edit common carp the original chinese character for carp in seal script top traditional middle and simplified bottom characters chinese name traditional chinese 鯉魚 simplified chinese 鲤鱼 literal meaning carp fish transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin lǐyú wade giles li 3 yü 2 ipa li ̀ y ̌ yue cantonese yale romanization léih yùh jyutping lei 5 jyu 4 ipa lej jy japanese name kanji 鯉 transcriptions romanization koi in chinese literature edit a long tradition of common carp exists in chinese culture and literature one story includes an anecdote which relates to how a man far away from home sent his wife a pair of carp chinese 鲤鱼 pinyin liyu and that when the wife opened the fish to cook them she found silk strips that said eat well to keep fit and missing you and forget me not 70 the dragon gate myth edit mirror carp jumping up into the air these paragraphs are an excerpt from dragon gate mythology edit in chinese mythology the dragon gate simplified chinese 龙门 traditional chinese 龍門 pinyin lóngmén jyutping lung4 mun4 is located at the top of a waterfall cascading from a legendary mountain the legend states that while many carp swim upstream against the river s strong current few are capable or brave enough for the final leap over the waterfall if a carp successfully makes the jump it is transformed into a powerful dragon 71 in japanese culture edit the modern japanese koi fish are a brightly colored species of the amur carp that have been bred by rice farmers in japan since the early 19th century 72 this subspecies of carp plays a significant role in japanese art often being depicted as symbols of luck strength and tenacity 73 for this reason koi fish are also presented as gifts in japanese culture as symbols of love gratitude and peace their bright colors and unique patterns present a high degree of eloquence to the japanese people thus creating a level of respect and appreciation for the koi with koi fish being at the forefront 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