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d heterotrophs meaning they eat dead organisms and use oxygen for cellular respiration resulting in lower oxygen content in the profundal zone 7 the mixing of the layers of water in standing water mostly comes from seasonal overturn during the fall and spring there is a mixing of layers usually due to wind that circulates oxygen and creates a more uniform temperature throughout the water system 7 the shore zone is the transitional zone between the water systems and land similar to the riparian zone seen in running water systems 6 this area functions in much the same way as the riparian zone the plants protecting the water from pollution flooding and heat stress while also providing nutrients and habitats for aquatic and wetland species wetlands edit wetlands are a specific type of standing water habitats that include marshes swamps and bogs due to the waterlogged and submerged nature of the land the anaerobic conditions of wetlands are unique and support the highest species diversity of all ecosystems 7 wetlands slow the decomposition of organic matter creating layers of rich organic material that provides important nutrients for species in the system the fauna that reside in wetlands are called hydrophytes meaning they are adapted to very moist and humid conditions 7 wetlands are the home to a large number of bird amphibian insect reptile grass and tree species that cannot inhabit any other system making them at risk to endangerment as wetlands are being destroyed for urban development and agriculture 6 wetlands help combat pollution and climate change as they filter pollutants and store a large amount of carbon from the biosphere in their moist soil and still water despite the small amount of land they occupy additionally wetlands provide flood and storm protection as the system can absorb large amounts of excess water 6 wetland s ability to absorb water also assists groundwater recharge which is very important for human water use as usable freshwater sources are dwindling wetlands are not only freshwater habitats and systems as there are salt marshes and bogs that support different species 7 carolina bays also known as pocosins meaning swamp on a hill are a unique form of wetland predominately found in the carolinas with a few being found outside of the carolinas along the east coast of the united states 10 carolina bays are characterized as elliptical shaped depressions that are surrounded by a sand rim and have a sandy bottom 10 this depression goes through wet and dry periods filling with rainwater during the winter and spring months and drying out in the summer 10 carolina bays often contain rare species some endemic to the bays 10 freshwater organisms edit freshwater organisms are generally divided into the categories of benthic and pelagic organisms as these are the two zones of life found in the freshwater biome freshwater organism can include invertebrates insects fish amphibians mammals birds aquatic plants aquatic fungi and planktons 7 invertebrates edit freshwater invertebrates include freshwater mollusks insects crustaceans and worms 11 freshwater invertebrates provide an important link in freshwater food chains transporting the nutrients and energy from producers such as algae and aquatic plants to higher consumers such as fish and amphibians 11 additionally invertebrates can act as important bio indicators for ecosystem health 11 fish edit freshwater fish include a are very diverse consisting of more than 18 000 species and making up 1 4 of the world s vertebrate species 12 around half of fish species live in freshwater environments the other half living in saltwater 13 some fish such as salmon and some species of shark are able to travel between the freshwater and saltwater environments linking the two 13 these fish are referred to as diadromous fish stemming from greek and meaning to run between in reference to the fish running between freshwater and saltwater 14 amphibians edit amphibians which include frogs toads salamanders and caecilians are a group that predominately exist in freshwater habitats amphibians are exotherms that possess thing skin meaning that they rely on water to remain hydrated 15 amphibians are amphibians can act as an indicator of environmental health as they are easily affected by changes in the environment such as pollution or climate change 15 birds edit water birds are a group of birds that rely on aquatic habitats for hunting resting and sometimes nesting 16 birds that rely on freshwater habitats include birds such as kingfishers flamingos and various types of waterfowl many species rely on the plants in these freshwater environments for nesting material habitat and food additionally freshwater birds act as a control for fish and insects in freshwater environments 16 aquatic plants edit aquatic plants or macrophytes act much like terrestrial plants providing the basis for the food chain removal of carbon dioxide and production of oxygen aquatic plants can be divided into 4 categories emergent floating leaved free floating and submerged 17 emergent macrophytes have stalks and leaves that rise above the water surface while floating leaved macrophytes are anchored in the lakebed with leaves that rest on the surface free floating macrophytes drift freely on the water and submerged macrophytes grow completely beneath the surface 18 freshwater fungi edit freshwater fungi are fungi that spend their whole or at least one part of their life cycle in water fungi are diverse in freshwater including fungi from almost all phyla of fungi encompassing 3 870 described species per 2022 19 20 they parttake in these ecosystems as decomposers lichens parasites mutualists and more ascomycetes are dominating the biodiversity with around 3 000 species with the majority being sordariomycetes 19 chytrids are mostly known from aquatic systems and encompass 333 described species where most of these are parasites of planktonic algae 19 most freshwater fungi are microscopic but are important drivers of nutrient cycling and in food webs threats edit the most common cause of water pollution is stormwater runoff from developed areas like pavement and rooftops 21 stormwater runoff is moving rain and snowmelt that has not been absorbed 21 the impervious surfaces used in domestic and urban construction replace soil that used to absorb stormwater increasing the amount of runoff traveling farther distances this excess runoff can collect pollutants as it eventually makes its way into streams rivers lakes wetlands and even aquifers polluting important freshwater ecosystems and usable water 21 additionally increased flooding and erosion can be caused by the increased stormwater runoff pollution of flowing water edit rivers and streams drain water that falls on upland areas and this moving water dissolves pollutants at a faster rate than standing water 21 however due to the high production and placement of pollutants in these moving waters the waters become polluted faster than the pollutant dilution rate leading to over polluted rivers and streams all three of the major contributors to pollution industry agriculture and cities are commonly found along moving waters adding to the over pollution of rivers and streams 21 just the knowledge that fast moving waters can dilute pollutants has encouraged even more pollution further adding to the pollution issue another issue contributing to the destruction of rivers and streams is the physical alteration of these moving waters mainly in the form of dams diversion of water channel alteration and land development 21 these alterations affect water temperature water flow patterns and increase sediment destroying important habitat conditions for many aquatic organisms and reducing water quality 21 an area of contention regarding the pollution of streams and rivers is the concept that the pollution upstream affects the people downstream 21 a factory s waste upstream may contaminate someone s drinking water downstream this especially becomes an issue with bodies of moving water that border multiple countries or states as what one country or state does upstream can drastically affect what the downstream country or state is able to do 21 pollution of standing water edit lakes and ponds experience much of the same pollution as rivers and streams but are polluted at a quicker rate due to slower moving waters no water flow outlets and amount of water 21 standing water circulates much less than moving waters with the deeper water layers only moving during seasonal changes twice a year 21 lakes and ponds are basins into which running water usually flows and accumulates meaning that the pollutants also accumulate with no outlet lakes and ponds contain less water than most rivers and streams meaning smaller lakes and ponds are polluted at faster rates eutrophication is the process of abundant plant growth a dominating threat to standing waters 21 if chemical nutrients for aquatic plant growth that were previously limited become available plant populations will increase rapidly this excessive plant population growth decreases the oxygen content of the water and other aquatic life suffocates human waste often contains these chemical nutrients like phosphorus in fertilizers and in combination with the poor water circulation in standing waters causes pollution and organism depletion 21 much of the pollution issues that affect ponds and lakes also affect wetlands as the water circulation of wetlands is also slow groundwater pollution and depletion edit surface water is where groundwater is being expressed with wetlands being the largest examples of the water table being near or at the surface the water found in freshwater habitats are the combination of surface flow precipitation and groundwater expression 21 this relationship between groundwater and surface water means that groundwater pollution affects surface freshwater pollution as well according to an environmental protection agency survey about a quarter of the united states usable groundwater is contaminated groundwater is the only source of drinking water for about half of the united states 22 as human populations increase and industrialize the demand for groundwater is increasing but the pollution of groundwater is also increasing the pollution of groundwater is easy to achieve due to the slow circulation of water even slower than that of lakes and ponds the water must navigate through small holes in the aquifer rock moving on average only a couple of inches each day 21 the rate of groundwater recharge is the time it takes for groundwater to replenish itself and extremely slow leading to water shortages as humans remove water from aquifers faster than the rate of recharge 21 due to such slow circulation of water groundwater can remain polluted for decades as the natural purification processes are so slow see also edit lakes portal wetlands portal water portal limnology marine biology pond life references edit 1 2 castillo escrivà andreu aguilar alberola josep a mesquita joanes francesc 2017 06 01 spatial and environmental effects on a rock pool metacommunity depend on the landscape setting and dispersal mode freshwater biology 62 6 1004 1011 doi 10 1111 fwb 12920 issn 1365 2427 open university sewage treatment processes cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link history of fba freshwater biological association rockström johan steffen will noone kevin persson åsa chapin f stuart lambin eric f lenton timothy m scheffer marten folke carl 2009 a safe operating space for humanity pdf nature 461 7263 472 475 bibcode 2009natur 461 472r doi 10 1038 461472a pmid 19779433 reid andrea carlson andrew creed irena f eliason erika j gell peter a johnson pieter kidd karen maccormack tyson olden julian omerod steve j smol john p taylor william tockner klement vermaire jesse dudgeon david cooke steven j 2018 11 22 emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity biological reviews 94 3 849 873 doi 10 1111 brv 12480 pmid 30467930 s2cid 53717906 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 mckinney michael l 2019 environmental science systems solutions 6th ed burlington ma isbn 978 1 284 09170 0 oclc 991585134 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 the freshwater biome ucmp berkeley edu retrieved 2022 04 27 boehrer bertram schultze martin 2008 stratification of lakes reviews of geophysics 46 2 doi 10 1029 2006rg000210 issn 8755 1209 macintyre sally hamilton david p 2024 fate of heat wetzel s limnology elsevier pp 95 153 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 822701 5 00007 0 hdl 10072 428037 isbn 978 0 12 822701 5 retrieved 2025 11 09 1 2 3 4 scdnr wetlands www dnr sc gov retrieved 2024 03 10 1 2 3 aquatic invertebrate facts missouri department of conservation mdc mo gov retrieved 2024 03 26 one third of freshwater fish face extinction and other freshwater fish facts world wildlife fund february 23 2021 retrieved april 23 2024 1 2 the fishes habitats adaptation fish in their environments earthguide ucsd edu retrieved 2024 04 22 fish that live in saltwater and freshwater ocean conservancy 2023 03 15 retrieved 2024 04 23 1 2 washington mailing address 1900 anacostia ave se us dc 20020 phone 202 692 6080 contact amphibians kenilworth park aquatic gardens u s national park service www nps gov retrieved 2024 04 22 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link 1 2 birds minnesota freshwater quest herofortheplanet org retrieved 2024 04 22 aquatic plants submergent emergent floating leaf and free floating lake and wetland ecosystems lakeandwetlandecosystems com retrieved 2024 04 22 chambers patricia a maberly stephen c 2024 freshwater plants wetzel s limnology elsevier pp 759 816 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 822701 5 00024 0 isbn 978 0 12 822701 5 retrieved 2025 11 09 1 2 3 calabon mark s hyde kevin d jones e b gareth luo zong long dong wei hurdeal vedprakash g gentekaki eleni rossi walter leonardi marco thiyagaraja vinodhini lestari anis s shen hong wei bao dan feng boonyuen nattawut zeng ming 2022 05 01 freshwater fungal numbers fungal diversity 114 1 3 235 doi 10 1007 s13225 022 00503 2 issn 1878 9129 shearer carol february 1993 the freshwater ascomycetes pdf nova hedwigia 56 1 1 33 via ascofrance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 mckinney michael l 2019 environmental science systems solutions 6th ed burlington ma isbn 978 1 284 09170 0 oclc 991585134 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link us epa ord 2017 11 02 ground water www epa gov retrieved 2022 04 28 v t e aquatic ecosystems general components and freshwater ecosystems general acoustic ecology algal bloom anoxic waters aquatic adaptation aquatic animal insect mammal water bird aquatic biomonitoring aquatic plant aquatic population dynamics aquatic predation aquatic respiration aquatic science aquatic toxicology benthos bioluminescence biomass cascade effect colored dissolved organic matter dead zone ecohydrology eutrophication fisheries...
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