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y and as extended members of local families teachers were deeply involved in social and community activities in the rural one room schools qualifications of the teachers were minimal and salaries were low male teachers were paid about as much as a hired hand women were paid less about the same as those of a domestic servant in the towns and especially in the cities the teachers had some college experience and were better paid those farm families that value the education of their children highly often moved to town or bought a farm close to town so their children could attend schools those few farm youth who attended high school often boarded in town 46 47 great depression edit the great depression hit nebraska hard as grain and livestock prices fell in half and unemployment was widespread in the cities the collapse of the stock market in october 1929 did not result in great personal fortunes being lost the greatest effect the crash had on nebraska was the fall of farm prices because the state s economy was greatly dependent on their crop crop prices began to drop in the final quarter of the year and continued until december 1932 where they reached their lowest in state history 48 governor charles w bryan a democrat was at first unwilling to request aid from the national government but when the federal emergency relief act became law in 1933 nebraska took part rowland haynes the state s emergency relief director was the major force in implementing such national new deal relief programs as the federal emergency relief administration fera and the civil works administration roy cochran a democrat who became governor in 1935 sought federal assistance and placed nebraska among the first american states to adopt a social security law the enduring impact of fera and social security in nebraska was to shift responsibility for social welfare from counties to the state which henceforth accepted federal funding and guidelines the change in state and national relations may have been the most important legacy of these new deal programs in nebraska 49 world war ii edit nebraska fully mobilized its labor and economic resources when the federal call to action came at america s entrance into world war ii besides many young nebraskan men serving overseas during the war food production was expanded and munitions plants such as the nebraska ordnance plant were built the cornhusker ordnance plant cop in grand island produced its first bombs in november 1942 at its peak it employed 4 200 workers over 40 of whom were women ordnance workers or wow s the wow s were a major reason that the quaker oats company which managed the plant started one of the nation s earliest corporate child care programs for grand island the plant brought good wages high retail sales severe housing shortages and an end to depression level unemployment the plant became a major social force demonstrated by its sponsoring of such wide ranging community groups as local sporting teams and boy scouts troops the city adjusted to the plant s closing in august 1945 with surprising ease during the korean and vietnam conflicts cop resumed production the ordnance plant finally shutting down in 1973 50 during the second world war nebraska was home to several prisoner of war camps scottsbluff fort robinson and camp atlanta outside holdrege were the main camps there were many smaller satellite camps at alma bayard bertrand bridgeport elwood fort crook franklin grand island hastings hebron indianola kearney lexington lyman mitchell morrill ogallala palisade sidney and weeping water fort omaha housed italian pows altogether there were 23 large and small camps scattered across the state 51 in addition several u s army airfields were constructed at various locations across the state postwar edit after the war conservative republicans held most of the state major offices a progressive breakthrough came during the administration of republican governor norbert tiemann 1967 1971 who successfully pushed for a number of major changes a new revenue act included a sales tax and an income tax replacing the state property tax and other taxes the municipal university of omaha joined the state university of nebraska system as the university of nebraska omaha a new department of economic development was created as well as a state personnel office state economic initiatives paved the way for the bond indebted financing of highway and sewage treatment plant construction projects improvement of state mental health facilities and fair housing practices were also enacted along with the first minimum wage law and new of open housing legislation 52 the nationwide farm crisis of the 1980s hit the state hard with a wave of farm foreclosures on the positive side omaha s geographic centrality in the american interstate highway system and large well educated population made the city an attractive place for many small manufacturing concerns to set up shop by the early 1990s omaha had become a major center of the telecommunications industry which surpassed meat packing in terms of employment after 2000 however omaha s call centers faced stiff competition from outsourced foreign operators in india and other developing nations on december 5 2007 the state s deadliest mass shooting occurred at westroads mall in omaha 53 nine people died and five were injured culture edit following world war ii and especially after the 1960s fine arts projects flourished in nebraska during this period existing orchestras were expanded and new ones chartered while local museums and art galleries sprung up in communities across the state this renaissance occurring in no small part due to the energetic support of nebraska s higher education institutions and the national endowment for the humanities funded nebraska arts council 54 and nebraska humanities council 55 hispanics edit hispanic americans have lived in the region since before nebraska became a state in 1867 but large scale migration didn t began until the 1980s and 1990s in 1972 nebraska was the first state to establish a statutory agency devoted to the needs of hispanics a group which then numbered about 30 000 56 mexicans generally entered low skilled low wage occupations in the hospitality manufacturing food processing and agricultural industries 57 one example was the small city of schuyler in colfax county an area previously dominated by german and czech ethnics who settled there around the turn of the last century 58 another case study is lexington seat of dawson county the hispanic population soared tenfold between 1990 and 2000 from just over 400 to about 4 000 and the city s overall population grew from 6 600 to over 10 000 the positive economic trends in the 1990s contrasted sharply with the 1980s when dawson county s population and overall employment rate declined rapidly fears that immigration would depress wages and raise unemployment rates across the state were unfounded indeed just the reverse happened the hispanic migration wave increased both labor supply and demand businessmen discovering that they could profitably expand their operations in douglas county with a fresh supply of willing labor the net result of the growing hispanic population in nebraska was an upsurge in employment average wages and economic prosperity for all sectors 59 see also edit history portal north america portal united states portal main article historical outline of nebraska history of african americans in nebraska great plains history of lincoln nebraska history of omaha history of north omaha history of the midwestern united states forts in nebraska list of historic bridges in nebraska landmarks of the nebraska territory native american tribes in nebraska douglas county historical society washington county historical association nebraska state historical society laukaitis a 2005 tower of time pays tribute to animals people of missouri river lincoln journal star november 8 2005 retrieved 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history of the state of nebraska retrieved july 13 2007 mccabe mike october 2015 how nebraska won admission to the union despite a presidential veto pdf stateline midwest 24 10 the council of state governments midwest 5 archived from the original pdf on february 23 2017 retrieved february 22 2017 part 8 andreas history of the state of nebraska robert g athearn union pacific country 1971 david f halass hell on wheels wicked towns along the union pacific railroad 2013 john c hudson towns of the western railroads great plains quarterly 2 1 1982 41 54 online charlyne berens and nancy mitchell parallel tracks same terminus the role of nineteenth century newspapers and railroads in the settlement of nebraska great plains quarterly 2009 287 300 online gilbert c fite the farmers frontier 1865 1900 1966 pp 16 17 31 33 frederick c luebke ethnic group settlement on the great plains western historical quarterly 8 4 1977 405 430 in jstor sheryll patterson black women homesteaders on the great 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henry c klassen t c power bro the rise of a small western department store 1870 1902 business history review 1992 66 4 pp 671 in jstor william r leach transformations in a culture of consumption women and department stores 1890 1925 journal of american history 71 sept 1984 319 42 in jstor arthur a hart sheet iron elegance mail order architecture in montana montana dec 1990 vol 40 issue 4 pp 26 31 history of the nebraska legislature archived 2007 09 27 at the wayback machine at the nebraska legislature official site charlyne berens one house the unicameral s progressive vision for nebraska 2004 nellie newmark of lincoln nebraska western states jewish historical quarterly 1979 vol 11 issue 2 pp 114 118 david lee amstutz nebraska s live stock sanitary commission and the rise of american progressivism great plains quarterly fall 2008 vol 28 issue 4 pp 259 275 deborah fink agrarian women wives and mothers in rural nebraska 1880 1940 1992 chad montrie men alone cannot settle a country domesticating nature in the kansas nebraska grasslands great plains quarterly fall 2005 vol 25 issue 4 pp 245 258 karl ronning quilting in webster county nebraska 1880 1920 uncoverings 1992 vol 13 pp 169 191 nathan b sanderson more than a potluck nebraska history fall 2008 vol 89 issue 3 pp 120 131 mary hurlbut cordier prairie schoolwomen mid 1850s to 1920s in iowa kansas and nebraska great plains quarterly march 1988 vol 8 issue 2 pp 102 119 mary h cordier ed schoolwomen of the prairies and plains personal narratives from iowa kansas and nebraska 1860s to 1920s 1992 olson james c naugle ronald c 1997 history of nebraska lincoln nebraska university of nebraska press p 309 isbn 0 8032 3559 3 mary cochran grimes from emergency relief to social security in nebraska nebraska history september 1990 vol 71 issue 3 pp 126 141 tracy lyn wit the social and economic impact of world war ii munitions manufacture on grand island nebraska nebraska history september 1990 vol 71 issue 3 pp 151 163 nd pows far from the battleground archived 2016 03 07 at the wayback machine nebraskastudies org retrieved july 6 2007 frederick c luebke tiemann taxes and the centennial legislature of 1967 beginning nebraska s second century nebraska history quarterly 71 1990 106 120 online teen s downward spiral ends in gunfire death nbc news 5 december 2007 retrieved 2021 03 13 robin s tryloff the role of state arts agencies in the promotion and development of the arts on the plains great plains quarterly march 1989 vol 9 issue 2 pp 119 124 see nhc website archived 2010 07 22 at the wayback machine roger p davis service not power the early years of the nebraska commission on mexican americans 1971 1975 nebraska history summer 2008 vol 89 issue 2 pp 67 83 roger p davis latinos along the platte the hispanic experience in central nebraska great plains research march 2002 vol 12 issue 1 pp 27 50 james potter a case study of the impact of population influx on a small community in nebraska great plains 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