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al will of states rather than the more subjective biases of scholars the first university textbook of human security edited by alexander lautensach and sabina lautensach 19 appeared in open access form in 2020 according to their four pillar model human security rests on the four pillars of sociopolitical security economic security environmental security and health security because of its focus on the long term as well as on immediate needs the environmental pillar of human security assumes prime significance it necessitates our attention to the utter dependence of human welfare on the integrity of ecological support structures relationship with traditional security edit see also political realism coined in the early 1990s the term human security has been used by thinkers who have sought to shift the discourse on security away from its traditional state centered orientation to the protection and advancement of individuals within societies 7 20 human security emerged as a challenge to ideas of traditional security but human and traditional or national security are not mutually exclusive concepts it has been argued that without human security traditional state security cannot be attained and vice versa 11 europe after the peace of westphalia in 1648 traditional security is about a state s ability to defend itself against external threats traditional security often referred to as national security or state security describes the philosophy of international security predominance since the peace of westphalia in 1648 and the rise of the nation states while international relations theory includes many variants of traditional security from realism to liberalism the fundamental trait that these schools share is their focus on the primacy of the nation state the following table contrasts four differences between the two perspectives traditional security human security referent traditional security policies are designed to promote demands ascribed to the state other interests are subordinated to those of the state traditional security protects a state s boundaries people institutions and values human security is people centered its focus shifts to protecting individuals the important dimensions are to entail the well being of individuals and respond to ordinary people s needs in dealing with sources of threats scope traditional security seeks to defend states from external aggression walter lippmann explained that state security is about a state s ability to deter or defeat an attack 21 it makes use of deterrence strategies to maintain the integrity of the state and protect the territory from external threats in addition to protecting the state from external aggression human security would expand the scope of protection to include a broader range of threats including environmental pollution infectious diseases and economic deprivation actor s the state is the sole actor decision making power is centralized in the government traditional security assumes that a sovereign state is operating in an anarchical international environment in which there is no world governing body to enforce international rules of conduct the realization of human security involves not only governments but a broader participation of different actors 22 viz regional and international organizations non governmental organizations and local communities means traditional security relies upon building up national power and military defense the common forms it takes are armament races alliances strategic boundaries etc human security not only protects but also empowers people and societies as a means of security people contribute by identifying and implementing solutions to insecurity relationship with development edit see also international development and development economics human security also challenged and drew from the practice of international development traditionally embracing liberal market economics was considered to be the universal path for economic growth and thus development for all humanity 15 yet continuing conflict and human rights abuses following the end of the cold war and the fact that two thirds of the global population seemed to have gained little from the economic gains of globalization 23 led to fundamental questions about the way development was practiced accordingly human development has emerged in the 1990s to challenge the dominant paradigm of liberal economy in the development community human development proponents argue that economic growth is insufficient to expand people s choices or capabilities areas such as health education technology the environment and employment should not be neglected human security could be said to further enlarge the scope for examining the causes and consequences of underdevelopment by seeking to bridge the divide between development and security too often militaries didn t address or factor in the underlying causes of violence and insecurity while development workers often underplayed the vulnerability of development models to violent conflict human security springs from a growing consensus that these two fields need to be more fully integrated in order to enhance security for all the paper development and security by frances stewart argues that security and development are deeply interconnected 24 human security forms an important part of people s well being and is therefore an objective of development an objective of development is the enlargement of human choices insecurity cuts life short and thwarts the use of human potential thereby affecting the reaching of this objective lack of human security has adverse consequences on economic growth and therefore development some development costs are obvious for example in wars people who join the army or flee can no longer work productively also destroying infrastructure reduces the productive capacity of the economy imbalanced development that involves horizontal inequalities is an important source of conflict therefore vicious cycles of lack of development which leads to conflict then to lack of development can readily emerge likewise virtuous cycles are possible with high levels of security leading to development which further promotes security in return further it could also be said that the practice of human development and human security share three fundamental elements 17 first human security and human development are both people centered they challenge the orthodox approach to security and development i e state security and liberal economic growth respectively both emphasize people are to be the ultimate ends but not means both treat humans as agents and should be empowered to participate in the course second both perspectives are multidimensional both address people s dignity as well as their material and physical concerns third both schools of thought consider poverty and inequality as the root causes of individual vulnerability despite these similarities the relationship with development is one of the most contested areas of human security freedom from fear advocates such as andrew mack argue that human security should focus on the achievable goals of decreasing individual vulnerability to violent conflict rather than broadly defined goals of economic and social development others such as tadjbakhsh and chenoy argue that human development and human security are inextricably linked since progress in one enhances the chances of progress in another while failure in one increases the risk of failure of another 25 the following table is adopted from tadjbakhsh 26 to help clarify the relationship between these two concepts variables human development human security values well being security stability sustainability of development gains orientation moves forward is progressive and aggregate together we rise looks at who was left behind at the individual level divided we fall time frame long term combines short term measures to deal with risks with long term prevention efforts general objectives growth with equity expanding the choices and opportunities of people to lead lives they value insuring downturns with security identification of risks prevention to avoid them through dealing with root causes preparation to mitigate them and cushioning when disaster strikes policy goals empowerment sustainability equity and productivity protection and promotion of human survival freedom from fear daily life freedom from want and the avoidance of indignities life of dignity relationship with human rights edit see also human rights human security is indebted to the human rights tradition the ideas of natural law and natural rights the development of the human security model can be seen to have drawn upon ideas and concepts fundamental to the human rights tradition both approaches use the individual as the main referent and both argue that a wide range of issues i e civil rights cultural identity access to education and healthcare are fundamental to human dignity a major difference between the two models is in their approach to addressing threats to human dignity and survival whilst the human rights framework takes a legalistic approach the human security framework by utilizing a diverse range of actors adopts flexible and issue specific approaches which can operate at local national or international levels the nature of the relationship between human security and human rights is contested among human security advocates some human security advocates argue that the goal of human security should be to build upon and strengthen the existing global human rights legal framework 27 however other advocates view the human rights legal framework as part of the global insecurity problem and believe that a human security approach should propel us to move above and beyond this legalistic approach to get at the underlying sources of inequality and violence which are the root causes of insecurity in today s world 15 relationship with non governmental organizations edit see also non governmental organization the term ngo non government organisation cannot be simply defined due to complexities surrounding its structure environment and complex relations it shares with its internal factions being its organisational mission membership and sources of funding and external factors such as the relationship it shares with actors detailing the economic political and societal constructs they may be bound by a generic understanding of the term may refer to the actions taken in the interests of independent voluntary contributors which exist independently from governments and corporations designed to represent and provide a collective voice to individuals regarding issues these issues cover contributions to the fields and industries of human development health and nutrition human rights and education and environmental concerns all of which influence and affect human security the traditional roles of ngos may be classified into three components in accordance with lewis 28 implementer refers to the mobilisation of resources in order to aid the provision of goods and services such as the act of service delivery catalyst refers to the emotional and psychological aspect of the ngos ability to inspire facilitate or contribute to spur action or thinking partner refers to the ngos relationships shared with external actors such as governments donors or the private sector players through joint activities or projects with communities with the purpose to strengthen the relationship between the ngos and these partners in a mutually beneficial fashion the expansion of these roles have culminated in assisting the creation of a society where ngos serve as important players in the global arena in regards to maintaining human security due to this increasing influence and the emergence of growing natural and man made disasters ngos now are contracted by governments in order to adequately respond to crises as well as assist individual or collectivised groups of citizens in lobbying their interests thus culminating in the ability to enact influence and change government agendas however ngos are still largely dependent on certain levels of government funding hence critics may argue that ngos pose the ability to potentially damage issues of human security due to this financial dependence despite these critiques the focus expertise and infrastructure developed by ngos through their activities linked with human development and human rights allow them to make unique contributions to human security provision 29 relationship with the environment edit comprehensive human security attempts to unify environmental security together with social societal security a great number of intertwined environmental and social components together create the framework for comprehensive human security under the assumption that neither of those two categories is attainable in the long run without synergy between the two 30 that is to say that the trends in environmental resource and population stresses are intensifying and will increasingly determine the quality of human life on our planet and as such are a large determining factor of our social security 31 arthur h westing posits that the two interdependent branches of comprehensive human security can be broken down into a series of subcomponents to better achieve optimal environmental and social security environmental security is composed of two subcomponents a rational resource utilization that is resource use that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 32 social security can be simplified to components of a established political safeguards b economic safeguards c personal safeguards and d military safeguards 30 the international institute for sustainable development iisd states that a major goal of comprehensive human security is to transmit practical recommendations to policy makers on how to strengthen human security through better environmental management and more effective natural resource governance 33 the overreaching goal being a pervasive global mindset that recognizes the interdependent natures of the natural environment and our collective social security gender and human security edit human security focuses on the serious neglect of gender concerns under the traditional security model traditional security s focus on external military threats to the state has meant that the majority of threats women face have been overlooked it has recently been argued that these forms of violence are often overlooked because expressions of masculinity in contexts of war have become the norm 34 by focusing on the individual the human security model aims to address the security concerns of both women and men equally however as of recent conflicts it is believed that the majority of war casualties are civilians and that such a conclusion has sometimes led to the assumptions that women are victimized by war to a gre...
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