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luster རྙ rɲa similarly the consonants ར ra and ཡ ja change form when they are beneath other consonants thus ཀྲ ʈ ʈʂa ཀྱ ca besides being written as subscripts and superscripts some consonants can also be placed in prescript postscript or post postscript positions for instance the consonants ག kʰa ད tʰa བ pʰa མ ma and འ a can be used in the prescript position to the left of other radicals while the position after a radical the postscript position can be held by the ten consonants ག kʰa ན na བ pʰa ད tʰa མ ma འ a ར ra ང ŋa ས sa and ལ la the third position the post postscript position is solely for the consonants ད tʰa and ས sa 18 head letters edit the head མགོ in tibetan wylie mgo letter or superscript position above a radical is reserved for the consonants ར ra ལ la and ས sa when ར ra ལ la and ས sa are in superscript position with ཀ ka ཅ t͡ʃa ཏ ta པ pa and ཙ t͡sa there are no changes to their sounds in lhasa tibetan for example རྐ ka རྟ ta རྤ pa རྩ t͡sa ལྐ ka ལྕ t͡ʃa ལྟ ta ལྤ pa སྐ ka སྟ ta སྤ pa སྩ t͡sa when ར ra ལ la and ས sa are in superscript position with ག kʰa ཇ t͡ʃʰa ད tʰa བ pʰa and ཛ t͡sʰa they lose their aspiration and become voiced in lhasa tibetan for example རྒ ga རྗ d͡ʒa རྡ da རྦ ba རྫ dza ལྒ ga ལྗ d͡ʒa ལྡ da ལྦ ba སྒ ga སྡ da སྦ ba when ར ra ལ la and ས sa are in superscript position with the nasal consonants ང ŋa ཉ ɲa ན na and མ ma they receive a high tone in lhasa tibetan for example རྔ ŋa རྙ ɲa རྣ na རྨ ma ལྔ ŋa སྔ ŋa སྙ ɲa སྣ na སྨ ma when ལ la is in superscript position with ཧ ha it becomes a voiceless alveolar lateral approximant in lhasa tibetan ལྷ l̥a sub joined letters edit the subscript position under a radical can only be occupied by the consonants ཡ ja ར ra ལ la and ཝ wa in this position they are described as བཏགས wylie btags ipa taʔ in tibetan meaning hung on affixed appended for example བ ཡ བཏགས བྱ ipa pʰa ja taʔ t͡ʃʰa except for ཝ which is simply read as it usually is and has no effect on the pronunciation of the consonant to which it is subjoined for example ཀ ཝ ཟུར ཀྭ ipa ka wa suː ka vowel marks edit the vowels used in the alphabet are ཨ a ཨི i ཨུ u ཨེ e and ཨོ o while the vowel a is included in each consonant the other vowels are indicated by marks thus ཀ ka ཀི ki ཀུ ku ཀེ ke ཀོ ko the vowels ཨི i ཨེ e and ཨོ o are placed above consonants as diacritics while the vowel ཨུ u is placed underneath consonants 18 old tibetan included a reversed form of the mark for i the gigu verso of uncertain meaning there is no distinction between long and short vowels in written tibetan except in loanwords especially those borrowed from sanskrit vowel mark ipa vowel mark ipa vowel mark ipa vowel mark ipa ི i ུ u ེ e ོ o numerical digits edit main article tibetan numerals tibetan numerals ༠ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤ ༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩ devanagari numerals ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tibetan fractions decimal fractions 0 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 punctuation marks edit symbol graphemes name function ཡིག མགོ yig mgo marks beginning of a text before a headline front page of a pecha གཏེར ཡིག མགོ gter yig mgo used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts ཡིག མགོ ཨ ཕྱེད yig mgo a phyed used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts དཔེ རྙིང ཡིག མགོ dpe rnying yig mgo a variant of the yig mgo found in very old tibetan texts བསྐུར ཡིག མགོ bskur yig mgo list enumerator dzongka ཚེག tseg syllable delimiter also used as a spacer to justify text in pechas ཤད shad full stop comma or semicolon marks end of a sentence or clause and originates from the daṇḍa of indic scripts ཉིས ཤད nyis shad marks end of a paragraph or topic cp pilcrow བཞི ཤད bzhi shad marks end of a chapter or entire section གསུམ ཤད gsum shad same as bzhi shad but used when the preceding character is ཀ or ག རིན ཆེན སྤུངས ཤད rin chen spungs shad replaces shad after single orphaned syllables indicating to the reader that the preceding syllable continues from text on the previous line ཚེག ཤད tsheg shad variant of rin chen spungs shad ཉིསཚེག ཤད nyis tsheg shad variant of rin chen spungs shad སྦྲུལ ཤད sbrul shad marks the start of a new text often in a collection of texts separates chapters and surrounds inserted text གཏེར ཤད gter shad replaces shad and variants thereof in terma texts རྒྱ གྲམ ཤད rgya gram shad sometimes used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts ཆེ མགོ che mgo literally big head used preceding a reference to the dalai lama or the name of another important lama or tulku that demands great respect བསྡུས རྟགས bsdus rtags repetition འཛུད རྟགས མེ ལོང ཅན dzud rtags me long can caret indicates text insertion ཨང ཁང གཡོན འཁོར ang khang g yon khor left roof bracket ཨང ཁང གཡས འཁོར ang khang g yas khor right roof bracket གུག རྟགས གཡོན gug rtags g yon left bracket གུག རྟགས གཡས gug rtags g yas right bracket extended use edit a bilingual text tibetan and sanskrit written in tibetan script from the personal artifact collection of donald weir the tibetan alphabet when used to write other languages such as balti chinese and sanskrit often has additional and or modified graphemes taken from the basic tibetan alphabet to represent different sounds extended alphabet edit letter used in romanization ipa comments ཫ balti qa qa reversed ཀ ka ཬ ṛa ɽa reversed ར ra ཁ༹ xa χa ཁ kha with tsa phru ག༹ ġa ʁa ག ga with tsa phru ཕ༹ chinese fa fa ཕ pha with tsa phru བ༹ va va བ ba with tsa phru གྷ sanskrit gha ɡʱa ག ga with subjoined ཧ ha ཛྷ dzha d͡zʱa ཛ dza with subjoined ཧ ha ཊ ṭa ʈa reversed ཏ ta ཋ ṭha ʈʰa reversed ཐ tha ཌ ḍa ɖa reversed ད da ཌྷ ḍha ɖʱa ཌ ḍa with subjoined ཧ ha ཎ ṇa ɳa reversed ན na དྷ dha dʱa ད da with subjoined ཧ ha བྷ bha bʱa བ ba with subjoined ཧ ha ཥ ṣa ʂa reversed ཤ sha ཀྵ kṣa kʂa ཀ ka with subjoined ཥ ṣa ྈྐ vedic sanskrit ẖka xka jihvāmūlīya velar visarga before ཀ ka and ཁ kha ྈྑ ẖkha xkʰa ྉྤ ḫpa ɸpa upadhmānīya labial visarga before པ pa and ཕ pha ྉྥ ḫpha ɸpʰa it is a classical rule to transliterate sanskrit ca cha ja and jha as tibetan ཙ tsa ཚ tsha ཛ dza and ཛྷ dzha respectively rather than ཅ ca ཆ cha ཇ ja and ཇྷ jha five of the sanskrit retroflex consonants ཊ ṭa ཋ ṭha ཌ ḍa ཎ ṇa and ཥ ṣa are represented by reversed forms of their non retroflex counterparts ཏ ta ཐ tha ད da ན na and ཤ sha one further retroflex ཌྷ ḍha is formed by subjoining retroflex ཌ ḍa with ཧ ha matching the way its non retroflex counterpart དྷ dha is formed from ད da subjoined with ཧ ha extended vowel marks and modifiers edit vowel mark used in romanization ipa function ཱ sanskrit ā aː length mark for vowel a ཱི ī iː length mark for vowel i ཱུ ū uː length mark for vowel u ྲྀ ṛ r̩ marks vocalic r ྲཱྀ ṝ r̩ː marks long vocalic r ླྀ ḷ l̩ marks vocalic l ླཱྀ ḹ l̩ː marks long vocalic l ཻ ai ɐi̯ marks the diphthong ai ཽ au ɐu̯ marks the diphthong au ཾ ṃ ̃ anusvara marks nasalization or a final nasal sound depending on context ྃ m̐ ̃ chandrabindu marks a nasalized vowel ཿ ḥ h visarga marks post vocalic breath symbol graphemes name used in function ྄ srog med sanskrit virama suppresses the inherent vowel sound paluta avagraha used for prolonging vowel sounds consonant clusters edit in addition to the use of supplementary graphemes the rules for constructing consonant clusters are amended allowing any character to occupy the superscript or subscript position negating the need for the prescript and postscript positions romanization and transliteration edit romanization and transliteration of the tibetan script is the representation of the tibetan script in the latin script multiple romanization and transliteration systems have been created in recent years but do not fully represent the true phonetic sound note 1 while the wylie transliteration system is widely used to romanize standard tibetan others include the library of congress system and the ipa based transliteration jacques 2012 below is a table with tibetan letters and different romanization and transliteration system for each letter listed below systems are wylie transliteration w tibetan pinyin tp dzongkha phonetic dp ala lc romanization a 20 and thl simplified phonetic transcription thl letter w tp dp a thl letter w tp dp a thl letter w tp dp a thl letter w tp dp a thl ཀ ka g ka ka ka ཁ kha k kha kha kha ག ga k kha ga ga ང nga ng nga nga nga ཅ ca j ca ca cha ཆ cha q cha cha cha ཇ ja q cha ja ja ཉ nya ny nya nya nya ཏ ta d ta ta ta ཐ tha t tha tha ta ད da t tha da da ན na n na na na པ pa b pa pa pa ཕ pha p pha pha pa བ ba p pha ba ba མ ma m ma ma ma ཙ tsa z tsa tsa tsa ཚ tsha c tsha tsha tsa ཛ dza c tsha dza dza ཝ wa w wa wa wa ཞ zha x sha zha zha ཟ za s sa za za འ a a a a ཡ ya y ya ya ya ར ra r ra ra ra ལ la l la la la ཤ sha x sha sha sha ས sa s sa sa sa ཧ ha h ha ha ha ཨ a a a a a only in loanwords input method and keyboard layout edit tibetan edit tibetan keyboard layout the first version of microsoft windows to support the tibetan keyboard layout is ms windows vista the layout has been available in linux since september 2007 in ubuntu 12 04 one can install tibetan language support through dash language support install remove languages the input method can be turned on from dash keyboard layout adding tibetan keyboard layout the layout applies the similar layout as in microsoft windows mac os x introduced tibetan unicode support in version 10 5 now with three different keyboard layouts available tibetan wylie tibetan qwerty and tibetan otani dzongkha edit dzongkha keyboard layout main article dzongkha keyboard layout the dzongkha keyboard layout scheme is designed as a simple means for inputting dzongkha text on computers this keyboard layout was standardized by the dzongkha development commission ddc and the department of information technology dit of the royal government of bhutan in 2000 it was updated in 2009 to accommodate additional characters added to the unicode and iso 10646 standards since the initial version since the arrangement of keys essentially follows the usual order of the dzongka and tibetan alphabet the layout can be quickly learned by anyone familiar with this alphabet subjoined combining consonants are entered using the shift key the dzongka keyboard layout is included in microsoft windows android and most distributions of linux as part of xfree86 unicode edit main article tibetan unicode block tibetan was originally one of the scripts in the first version of the unicode standard in 1991 in the unicode block u 1000 u 104f however in 1993 in version 1 1 it was removed the code points it took up would later be used for the burmese script in version 3 0 the tibetan script was re added in july 1996 with the release of version 2 0 the unicode block for tibetan is u 0f00 u 0fff it includes letters digits and various punctuation marks and special symbols used in religious texts tibetan 1 2 3 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 0f0x ༀ nb u 0f1x ༘ ༙ u 0f2x ༠ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤ ༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩ u 0f3x ༵ ༷ ༹ ༾ ༿ u 0f4x ཀ ཁ ག གྷ ང ཅ ཆ ཇ ཉ ཊ ཋ ཌ ཌྷ ཎ ཏ u 0f5x ཐ ད དྷ ན པ ཕ བ བྷ མ ཙ ཚ ཛ ཛྷ ཝ ཞ ཟ u 0f6x འ ཡ ར ལ ཤ ཥ ས ཧ ཨ ཀྵ ཪ ཫ ཬ u 0f7x ཱ ི ཱི ུ ཱུ ྲྀ ཷ ླྀ ཹ ེ ཻ ོ ཽ ཾ ཿ u 0f8x ྀ ཱྀ ྂ ྃ ྄ ྆ ྇ ྈ ྉ ྊ ྋ ྌ ྍ ྎ ྏ u 0f9x ྐ ྑ ྒ ྒྷ ྔ ྕ ྖ ྗ ྙ ྚ ྛ ྜ ྜྷ ྞ ྟ u 0fax ྠ ྡ ྡྷ ྣ ྤ ྥ ྦ ྦྷ ྨ ྩ ྪ ྫ ྫྷ ྭ ྮ ྯ u 0fbx ྰ ྱ ྲ ླ ྴ ྵ ྶ ྷ ྸ ྐྵ ྺ ྻ ྼ u 0fcx ࿆ u 0fdx u 0fex u 0ffx notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points 3 unicode code points u 0f77 and u 0f79 are deprecated in unicode 5 2 and later gallery edit tibetan choksat alphabet in uchen style tibetan choksat alphabet in chugyig cursive style tibetan choksat alphabet in bêtsug cursive style tibetan choksat alphabet in drutsa cursive style tibetan choksat alphabet in tsugma chu cursive style tibetan choksat alphabet in tsugring cursive style tibetan choksat alphabet in tsugtung cursive style see also edit tibetan calligraphy tibetan braille dzongkha braille tibetan typefaces wylie transliteration tibetan pinyin roman dzongkha thdl simplified phonetic transcription tise input method for tibetan script limbu script notes edit see for instance references edit citations edit 1 2 van schaik sam 2011 a new look at the tibetan invention of writing old tibetan documents monograph series vol iii 75 77 cite journal cite journal requires journal help daniels peter t january 2008 writing systems of major and minor languages in kachru braj b kachru yamuna sridhar s n eds language in south asia pp 285 308 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511619069 017 isbn 978 0 521 78653 9 masica colin 1993 the indo aryan languages p 143 chelliah shobhana lakshmi 2011 a grammar of meithei de gruyter p 355 isbn 9783110801118 archived from the original on 2023 04 13 retrieved 2023 03 19 meithei mayek is part of the tibetan group of scripts which originated from the gupta brahmi script singh harimohon thounaojam january 2011 the evolution and recent development of the meetei mayek script cambridge university press india p 28 manzardo andrew e impression management and economic growth the case of the thakalis of dhaulagiri zone pdf kailash a journal of himalayan studies archived pdf from the original on 2023 11 20 retrieved 2023 11 20 karmācārya mādhavalāla 2001 results of the nepal german project on high mountain archaeology ten documents from mustang in the nepali language 1667 1975 a d vgh wissenschaftsverlag isbn 978 3 88280 061 6 the evolution of tibetan typefaces anatomy and historical development of tibetan fonts institut national des langues et civilisations orientales archived from the original on 2024 11 29 retrieved 2025 03 27 tibet a political history p 12 1967 tsepon w d shakabpa yale university press new haven and london the white annals pp 70 73 gedun choephel translated by samten norboo 1978 tibetan library and archives dharamsala h p india claude arpi glimpses on the tibet history dharamsala tibet museum 2016 william woodville rockhill annual report of the board of regents of the smithsonian institution p 671 at google books united states national museum page 671 berzin alexander a survey of tibetan history reading notes taken by alexander berzin from tsepon w d shakabpa tibet a political history new haven yale university press 1967 http studybuddhism com web en archives e books unpublished_manuscripts survey_tibetan_history chapter_1 html archived 2016 06 17 at the wayback machine 1 2 3 miller roy andrew 1963 thon mi sambhoṭa and his grammatical treatises journal of the american oriental society 83 4 485 502 doi 10 2307 597167 issn 0003 0279 jstor 597167 zeisler bettina 2006 why ladakhi must not be written being part of the great tradition another kind of global thinking in anju saxena lars borin eds lesser known languages of south asia p 178 phuntsok thubten བོད ཀྱི ལོ རྒྱུས སྤྱི དོན པདྨ ར གཱའི ལྡེ མིག a general history of tibet chan a noble a 2009 sounds in translation intersections of music technology and society doab directory of open access books anu e press p 146 isbn 978 1 921536 55 7 retrieved 2024 05 12 1 2 3 4 daniels peter t and william bright the world s writing systems new york oxford university press 1996 hill nathan w 2005b once more on the letter འ pdf ...
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