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le cry uncle 70 68 1 50 the cia manual for the contras tayacan states that the contras should gather the local population for a public tribunal to shame ridicule and humiliate sandinista officials to reduce their influence it also recommends gathering the local population to witness and take part in public executions 65 179 these types of activities continued throughout the war in april 1987 an american aid worker named benjamin linder was killed by contras after the signing of the central american peace accord in august 1987 the year war related deaths and economic destruction reached its peak the contras eventually entered negotiations with the sandinista government 1988 and the war began to deescalate 63 by 1989 the war and economic isolation had inflicted severe economic suffering on nicaraguans nicaraguans had been exhausted from the war which had cost 30 865 lives by the late 1980s nicaragua s internal conditions had changed radically a united opposition of 14 political parties organized into the national opposition union unión nacional oppositora uno with the support of the united states national endowment for democracy uno presidential nominee violeta chamorro was received by president george h w bush at the white house citation needed the contra war escalated over the year before the election the u s promised to end the economic embargo should chamorro win 71 the uno scored a decisive victory on 25 february 1990 chamorro won with 55 percent of the presidential vote as compared to daniel ortega s 41 percent of 92 seats in the national assembly uno gained 51 and the fsln won 39 on 25 april 1990 chamorro assumed presidency from ortega 71 illegal covert operations edit see also iran contra affair with congress blocking further aid to the contras the reagan administration sought to arrange funding and military supplies by means of third countries and private sources 72 between 1984 and 1986 34 million from third countries and 2 7 million from private sources were raised this way 72 the secret contra assistance was run by the national security council with officer lieutenant colonel oliver north in charge 72 with the third party funds north created an organization called the enterprise which served as the secret arm of the nsc staff and had its own airplanes pilots airfield ship operatives and secret swiss bank accounts 72 it also received assistance from personnel from other government agencies especially from cia personnel in central america 72 this operation functioned however without any of the accountability required of u s government activities 72 the enterprise s efforts culminated in the iran contra affair of 1986 1987 which facilitated contra funding through the proceeds of arms sales to iran according to the london spectator u s journalists in central america had long known that the cia was flying in supplies to the contras inside nicaragua before the scandal broke no journalist paid it any attention until the alleged cia supply man eugene hasenfus was shot down and captured by the nicaraguan army similarly reporters neglected to investigate many leads indicating that oliver north was running the contra operation from his office in the national security council 73 according to the national security archive oliver north had been in contact with manuel noriega the military leader of panama later convicted on drug charges whom he personally met the issue of drug money and its importance in funding the nicaraguan conflict was the subject of various reports and publications the contras were funded by drug trafficking of which the united states was aware 74 senator john kerry s 1988 committee on foreign relations report on contra drug links concluded that senior u s policy makers were not immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the contras funding problems 75 the reagan administration s support for the contras continued to stir controversy well into the 1990s in august 1996 san jose mercury news reporter gary webb published a series titled dark alliance alleging that the contras contributed to the rise of crack cocaine in california 76 gary webb s career as a journalist was subsequently discredited by the leading u s papers the new york times the washington post and the los angeles times an internal cia report entitled managing a nightmare shows the agency used a ground base of already productive relations with journalists to help counter what it called a genuine public relations crisis 77 in the 1980s douglas farah worked as a journalist covering the civil wars in central america for the washington post according to farah while it was common knowledge that the contras were involved in cocaine trafficking the editors of the washington post refused to take it seriously if you re talking about our intelligence community tolerating if not promoting drugs to pay for black ops it s rather an uncomfortable thing to do when you re an establishment paper like the post if you were going to be directly rubbing up against the government they wanted it more solid than it could probably ever be done 78 an investigation by the united states department of justice also stated that their review did not substantiate the main allegations stated and implied in the mercury news articles regarding the specific charges towards the cia the doj wrote the implication that the drug trafficking by the individuals discussed in the mercury news articles was connected to the cia was also not supported by the facts 79 the cia also investigated and rejected the allegations 80 propaganda edit during the time the u s congress blocked funding for the contras the reagan government engaged in a campaign to alter public opinion and change the vote in congress on contra aid 81 for this purpose the nsc established an interagency working group which in turn coordinated the office of public diplomacy for latin america and the caribbean managed by otto reich which conducted the campaign 81 the s lpd produced and widely disseminated a variety of pro contra publications arranged speeches and press conferences 81 it also disseminated white propaganda pro contra newspaper articles by paid consultants who did not disclose their connection to the reagan administration 82 on top of that oliver north helped carl channell s tax exempt organization the national endowment for the preservation of liberty to raise 10 million by arranging numerous briefings for groups of potential contributors at the premises of the white house and by facilitating private visits and photo sessions with president reagan for major contributors 83 channell in turn used part of that money to run a series of television advertisements directed at home districts of congressmen considered swing votes on contra aid 83 out of the 10 million raised more than 1 million was spent on pro contra publicity 83 international court of justice ruling edit main article nicaragua v united states part of a series on the history of nicaragua spanish conquest 1522 1527 spanish rule 1527 1821 piracy on lake nicaragua 1665 1857 rebellion against mexican rule 1822 1823 federal republic of central america 1823 1841 war with el salvador 1844 1845 filibuster war 1855 1857 control of mosquitia 1894 greater republic of central america 1896 1898 u s occupation 1912 1933 civil war of 1926 1927 somoza era 1936 1979 nicaraguan revolution 1961 1990 junta of national reconstruction 1979 1985 contras 1981 1990 coronavirus pandemic history of nicaragua 1979 1990 economic history of nicaragua years in nicaragua nicaragua portal v t e in 1984 the sandinista government filed a suit in the international court of justice icj against the united states nicaragua v united states which resulted in a 1986 judgment against the united states the icj held that the u s had violated international law as well as a 1956 treaty by supporting the contras in their rebellion against the nicaraguan government and by mining nicaragua s harbors regarding the alleged human rights violations by the contras however the icj took the view that the united states could be held accountable for them only if it would have been proven that the u s had effective control of the contra operations resulting in these alleged violations 84 nevertheless the icj found that the u s encouraged acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law by producing the manual psychological operations in guerrilla warfare operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas and disseminating it to the contras 85 the manual amongst other things advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians 86 and recommended to hire professional killers for specific selective tasks 87 the united states which did not participate in the merits phase of the proceedings maintained that the icj s power did not supersede the constitution of the united states and argued that the court did not seriously consider the nicaraguan role in el salvador while it accused nicaragua of actively supporting armed groups there specifically in the form of supply of arms 88 the icj had found that evidence of a responsibility of the nicaraguan government in this matter was insufficient 89 the u s argument was affirmed however by the dissenting opinion of icj member u s judge schwebel 90 who concluded that in supporting the contras the united states acted lawfully in collective self defence in el salvador s support 91 the u s blocked enforcement of the icj judgment by the united nations security council and thereby prevented nicaragua from obtaining any actual compensation 92 the nicaraguan government finally withdrew the complaint from the court in september 1992 under the later post fsln government of violeta chamorro following a repeal of the law requiring the country to seek compensation 93 human rights violations edit americas watch which subsequently became part of human rights watch accused the contras of 94 targeting health care clinics and health care workers for assassination 95 kidnapping civilians 96 torturing civilians 97 executing civilians including children who were captured in combat 98 raping women 95 indiscriminately attacking civilians and civilian houses 96 seizing civilian property 95 burning civilian houses in captured towns 95 human rights watch released a report on the situation in 1989 which stated the contras were major and systematic violators of the most basic standards of the laws of armed conflict including by launching indiscriminate attacks on civilians selectively murdering non combatants and mistreating prisoners 99 in his affidavit to the world court former contra edgar chamorro testified that the cia did not discourage such tactics to the contrary the agency severely criticized me when i admitted to the press that the fdn had regularly kidnapped and executed agrarian reform workers and civilians we were told that the only way to defeat the sandinistas was to kill kidnap rob and torture 100 contra leader adolfo calero denied that his forces deliberately targeted civilians what they call a cooperative is also a troop concentration full of armed people we are not killing civilians we are fighting armed people and returning fire when fire is directed at us 101 controversy edit several articles were published by the u s press including by the wall street journal and the new republic accusing americas watch and other bodies of ideological bias and unreliable reporting the articles alleged that americas watch gave too much credence to alleged contra abuses and systematically tried to discredit nicaraguan human rights groups such as the permanent commission on human rights which blamed most human rights abuses on the sandinistas 102 in 1985 the wall street journal reported three weeks ago americas watch issued a report on human rights abuses in nicaragua one member of the permanent commission for human rights commented on the americas watch report and its chief investigator juan mendez the sandinistas are laying the groundwork for a totalitarian society here and yet all mendez wanted to hear about were abuses by the contras how can we get people in the u s to see what s happening here when so many of the groups who come down are pro sandinista 103 human rights watch the umbrella organization of americas watch replied to these allegations almost invariably u s pronouncements on human rights exaggerated and distorted the real human rights violations of the sandinista regime and exculpated those of the u s supported insurgents known as the contras the bush administration is responsible for these abuses not only because the contras are for all practical purposes a u s force but also because the bush administration has continued to minimize and deny these violations and has refused to investigate them seriously 99 military successes and election of violeta chamorro edit by 1986 the contras were besieged by charges of corruption human rights abuses and military ineptitude 104 a much vaunted early 1986 offensive never materialized and contra forces were largely reduced to isolated acts of terrorism 10 in october 1987 however the contras staged a successful attack in southern nicaragua 105 then on 21 december 1987 the fdn launched attacks at bonanza siuna and rosita in zelaya province resulting in heavy fighting 106 arde frente sur attacked at el almendro and along the rama road 106 107 108 these large scale raids mainly became possible as the contras were able to use u s provided redeye missiles against sandinista mi 24 helicopter gunships which had been supplied by the soviets 106 109 nevertheless the contras remained tenuously encamped within honduras and were not able to hold nicaraguan territory 110 111 there were isolated protests among the population against the draft implemented by the sandinista government which even resulted in full blown street clashes in masaya in 1988 112 however a june 1988 survey in managua showed the sandinista government still enjoyed strong support but that support had declined since 1984 three times as many people identified with the sandinistas 28 than with all the opposition parties put together 9 59 did not identify with any political party of those polled 85 opposed any further us aid to the contras 40 believed the sandinista government to be democratic while 48 believed it to be not democratic people identified the war as the largest problem but were less likely to blame it for economic problems compared to a december 1986 poll 19 blamed the war and us blockade as the main cause of economic problems while 10 blamed the government 113 political opposition groups were splintered and the contras began to experience defections although united states aid maintained them as a viable military force 114 115 after a cutoff in u s military support and with both sides facing international pressure to bring an end to the conflict the contras agreed to negotiations with the fsln with the help of five central american presidents including o...
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