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ch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia reduction of image size to save storage and transmission costs this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations april 2010 learn how and when to remove this message image compression is a type of data compression applied to digital images to reduce their cost for storage or transmission algorithms may take advantage of visual perception and the statistical properties of image data to provide superior results compared with generic data compression methods which are used for other digital data 1 comparison of jpeg images saved by adobe photoshop at different quality levels and with or without save for web lossy and lossless image compression edit image compression may be lossy or lossless lossless compression is preferred for archival purposes and often for medical imaging technical drawings clip art or comics lossy compression methods especially when used at low bit rates introduce compression artifacts lossy methods are especially suitable for natural images such as photographs in applications where minor sometimes imperceptible loss of fidelity is acceptable to achieve a substantial reduction in bit rate lossy compression that produces negligible differences may be called visually lossless methods for lossy compression transform coding this is the most commonly used method discrete cosine transform dct the most widely used form of lossy compression it is a type of fourier related transform and was originally developed by nasir ahmed t natarajan and k r rao in 1974 2 the dct is sometimes referred to as dct ii in the context of a family of discrete cosine transforms see discrete cosine transform it is generally the most efficient form of image compression dct is used in jpeg the most popular lossy format and the more recent heif the more recently developed wavelet transform is also used extensively followed by quantization and entropy coding color quantization reducing the color space to a few representative colors in the image the selected colors are specified in the color palette in the header of the compressed image each pixel just references the index of a color in the color palette this method can be combined with dithering to avoid posterization whole image palette typically 256 colors used in gif and png file formats block palette typically 2 or 4 colors for each block of 4x4 pixels used in btc ccc s2tc and s3tc chroma subsampling this takes advantage of the fact that the human eye perceives spatial changes of brightness more sharply than those of color by averaging or dropping some of the chrominance information in the image fractal compression more recently methods based on machine learning were applied using multilayer perceptrons convolutional neural networks generative adversarial networks 3 and diffusion models 4 implementations are available in opencv tensorflow matlab s image processing toolbox ipt and the high fidelity generative image compression hific open source project 5 methods for lossless compression run length encoding used in default method in pcx and as one of possible in bmp tga tiff predictive coding used in dpcm entropy encoding the two most common entropy encoding techniques are arithmetic coding and huffman coding adaptive dictionary algorithms such as lzw used in gif and tiff deflate used in png mng and tiff chain codes other properties edit the best image quality at a given compression rate or bit rate is the main goal of image compression however there are other important properties of image compression schemes scalability generally refers to a quality reduction achieved by manipulation of the bitstream or file without decompression and re compression other names for scalability are progressive coding or embedded bitstreams despite its contrary nature scalability also may be found in lossless codecs usually in form of coarse to fine pixel scans scalability is especially useful for previewing images while downloading them e g in a web browser or for providing variable quality access to e g databases there are several types of scalability quality progressive or layer progressive the bitstream successively refines the reconstructed image resolution progressive first encode a lower image resolution then encode the difference to higher resolutions 6 7 component progressive first encode grey scale version then adding full color region of interest coding certain parts of the image are encoded with higher quality than others this may be combined with scalability encode these parts first others later meta information compressed data may contain information about the image which may be used to categorize search or browse images such information may include color and texture statistics small preview images and author or copyright information processing power compression algorithms require different amounts of processing power to encode and decode some high compression algorithms require high processing power the quality of a compression method often is measured by the peak signal to noise ratio it measures the amount of noise introduced through a lossy compression of the image however the subjective judgment of the viewer also is regarded as an important measure perhaps being the most important measure history edit entropy coding started in the late 1940s with the introduction of shannon fano coding 8 the basis for huffman coding which was published in 1952 9 transform coding dates back to the late 1960s with the introduction of fast fourier transform fft coding in 1968 and the hadamard transform in 1969 10 an important development in image data compression was the discrete cosine transform dct a lossy compression technique first proposed by nasir ahmed t natarajan and k r rao in 1973 11 jpeg was introduced by the joint photographic experts group jpeg in 1992 12 jpeg compresses images down to much smaller file sizes and has become the most widely used image file format 13 jpeg was largely responsible for the wide proliferation of digital images and digital photos 14 with several billion jpeg images produced every day as of 2015 15 lempel ziv welch lzw is a lossless compression algorithm developed by abraham lempel jacob ziv and terry welch in 1984 it is used in the gif format introduced in 1987 16 deflate a lossless compression algorithm developed by phil katz and specified in 1996 is used in the portable network graphics png format 17 the jpeg 2000 standard was developed from 1997 to 2000 by a jpeg committee chaired by touradj ebrahimi later the jpeg president 18 in contrast to the dct algorithm used by the original jpeg format jpeg 2000 instead uses discrete wavelet transform dwt algorithms it uses the cdf 9 7 wavelet transform developed by ingrid daubechies in 1992 for its lossy compression algorithm 19 and the le gall tabatabai lgt 5 3 wavelet transform 20 21 developed by didier le gall and ali j tabatabai in 1988 22 for its lossless compression algorithm 19 jpeg 2000 technology which includes the motion jpeg 2000 extension was selected as the video coding standard for digital cinema in 2004 23 uses edit an example of image exporting targeting lossy compression processes of the sort commonly imposed on all files by social media websites pixel art of small dimensions when scaled by multiples of 8 produces much less visible compression artifacts after being converted to the jpeg file format even at higher degrees of compression the example images are from left to right scaled by 8 at 80 quality 10 at 80 quality producing much heavier artifacting and 16 at 20 quality the original pixels can be seen on the top left social media websites and instant messaging applications commonly apply lossy compression to all files uploaded to their services in order to save costs on data storage digital artists game developers photographers and other visual media creators frequently need to learn approximations of the compression methods of specific platforms in order to share their work with clients and audiences as details are rarely published 24 native file hosting is more commonly offered on websites centered around visual media such as cara or some archival boorus facebook released spectrum a client side image transcoding library as an open source project in 2018 25 though by 2024 the project had been archived 26 whatsapp and facebook messenger released an option for hd image sharing in 2024 though commentators noted the feature would likely still not share media in native resolution 27 notes and references edit image data compression ahmed n natarajan t rao k r 1974 discrete cosine transform pdf ieee transactions on computers 100 1 90 93 bibcode 1974itcmp 100 90a doi 10 1109 t c 1974 223784 s2cid 149806273 archived from the original pdf on 2011 11 25 gilad david maayan nov 24 2021 ai based image compression the state of the art towards data science archived from the original on 25 november 2021 retrieved 6 april 2023 bühlmann matthias 2022 09 28 stable diffusion based image compression medium retrieved 2022 11 02 high fidelity generative image compression retrieved 6 april 2023 burt p adelson e 1 april 1983 the laplacian pyramid as a compact image code ieee transactions on communications 31 4 532 540 bibcode 1983itcom 31 532b doi 10 1109 tcom 1983 1095851 s2cid 8018433 shao dan kropatsch walter g february 3 5 2010 špaček libor franc vojtěch eds irregular laplacian graph pyramid pdf computer vision winter workshop 2010 nové hrady czech republic czech pattern recognition society archived pdf from the original on 2013 05 27 claude elwood shannon 1948 alcatel lucent ed a mathematical theory of communication pdf bell system technical journal 27 3 4 379 423 623 656 bibcode 1948bstj 27 379s doi 10 1002 j 1538 7305 1948 tb01338 x hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 002c 4314 2 archived pdf from the original on 2011 05 24 retrieved 2019 04 21 david albert huffman september 1952 a method for the construction of minimum redundancy codes pdf proceedings of the ire vol 40 no 9 pp 1098 1101 bibcode 1952pire 40 1098h doi 10 1109 jrproc 1952 273898 archived pdf from the original on 2005 10 08 pratt w k kane j andrews h c 1969 hadamard transform image coding proceedings of the ieee 57 1 58 68 bibcode 1969ieeep 57 58p doi 10 1109 proc 1969 6869 ahmed nasir january 1991 how i came up with the discrete cosine transform digital signal processing 1 1 4 5 bibcode 1991dsp 1 4a doi 10 1016 1051 2004 91 90086 z t 81 digital compression and coding of continuous tone still images requirements and guidelines pdf ccitt september 1992 archived pdf from the original on 2000 08 18 retrieved 12 july 2019 the jpeg image format explained bt com bt group 31 may 2018 retrieved 5 august 2019 what is a jpeg the invisible object you see every day the atlantic 24 september 2013 retrieved 13 september 2019 baraniuk chris 15 october 2015 copy protections could come to jpegs bbc news bbc retrieved 13 september 2019 the gif controversy a software developer s perspective 27 january 1995 retrieved 26 may 2015 l peter deutsch may 1996 deflate compressed data format specification version 1 3 ietf p 1 sec abstract doi 10 17487 rfc1951 rfc 1951 retrieved 2014 04 23 taubman david marcellin michael 2012 jpeg2000 image compression fundamentals standards and practice image compression fundamentals standards and practice springer science business media isbn 978 1 4615 0799 4 1 2 unser m blu t 2003 mathematical properties of the jpeg2000 wavelet filters pdf ieee transactions on image processing 12 9 1080 1090 bibcode 2003itip 12 1080u doi 10 1109 tip 2003 812329 pmid 18237979 s2cid 2765169 archived from the original pdf on 2019 10 13 sullivan gary 8 12 december 2003 general characteristics and design considerations for temporal subband video coding itu t video coding experts group retrieved 13 september 2019 bovik alan c 2009 the essential guide to video processing academic press p 355 isbn 978 0 08 092250 8 le gall didier tabatabai ali j 1988 sub band coding of digital images using symmetric short kernel filters and arithmetic coding techniques icassp 88 international conference on acoustics speech and signal processing pp 761 764 vol 2 doi 10 1109 icassp 1988 196696 s2cid 109186495 swartz charles s 2005 understanding digital cinema a professional handbook taylor francis p 147 isbn 978 0 240 80617 4 nield david 2026 02 04 messenger apps are compressing your files but there s a workaround lifehacker retrieved 2026 07 24 moon mariella 2019 01 17 facebook makes its image compression tech available to all engadget retrieved 2026 07 24 facebookincubator spectrum github meta incubator 2026 07 01 retrieved 2026 07 24 mathur chandraveer 2024 04 10 facebook messenger introduces hd photo sharing months after whatsapp android police retrieved 2026 07 24 v t e data compression methods lossless type entropy adaptive coding arithmetic asymmetric numeral systems golomb huffman adaptive canonical modified range shannon shannon fano shannon fano elias tunstall unary universal exp golomb fibonacci gamma levenshtein dictionary byte pair encoding lempel ziv 842 lz4 lzjb lzo lzrw lzss lzw lzwl snappy other bwt ctw cm delta incremental dmc dpcm grammar re pair sequitur ldct mtf paq ppm rle hybrid lz77 huffman deflate lzx lzs lz77 ans lzfse lz77 huffman ans zstandard lz77 huffman context brotli lzss huffman lha lzh lz77 range lzma lzham rle bwt mtf huffman bzip2 lossy type transform discrete cosine transform dct mdct dst fft wavelet daubechies dwt spiht predictive dpcm adpcm lpc acelp celp lar lsp wlpc motion compensation estimation vector psychoacoustic audio concepts bit rate abr cbr vbr companding convolution dynamic range latency nyquist shannon theorem sampling silence compression sound quality speech coding sub band coding codec parts a law μ law dpcm adpcm dm ft fft lpc acelp celp lar lsp wlpc mdct psychoacoustic model image concepts chroma subsampling coding tree unit color space compression artifact image resolution macroblock pixel psnr quantization standard test image texture compression methods chain code dct deflate fractal klt lp rle wavelet daubechies dwt ezw spiht video concepts bit rate abr cbr vbr display resolution frame frame rate frame types interlace video characteristics video quality codec parts dct dpcm deblocking filter lapped transform motion compensation estimation vector wavelet daubechies dwt theory compressed data structures compressed suffix array fm index entropy information theory timeline kolmogorov complexity prefix code quantization rate distortion redundancy symmetry smallest grammar problem community hutter prize people mark adler david a huffman phil katz v t e multimedia compression and container formats video compression iso iec mpeg dv mjpeg ...
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