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ear however americans began to agree with bush s plan the u s government engaged in an elaborate domestic public relations campaign to market the war to its citizens americans overwhelmingly believed saddam did have wmds 85 said so even though the inspectors had not uncovered those weapons of those who thought iraq had weapons sequestered somewhere about half responded that said weapons would not be found in combat by february 2003 64 of americans supported taking military action to remove saddam from power 64 60 000 200 000 protesters of various ages demonstrated in san francisco 15 february 2003 in the 2003 state of the union address bush said we know that iraq in the late 1990s had several mobile biological weapons labs 65 on 5 february u s secretary of state colin powell addressed the unsc continuing u s efforts to gain un authorization for an invasion his presentation contained a computer generated image of a mobile biological weapons laboratory however this information was based on claims of rafid ahmed alwan al janabi codenamed curveball an iraqi emigrant living in germany who later admitted that his claims had been false powell falsely alleged that iraq had ties to al qaeda as a follow up to the presentation the u s uk poland italy australia denmark japan and spain proposed a resolution authorizing the use of force in iraq but canada france germany and russia strongly urged continued diplomacy facing a losing vote as well as a likely veto from france and russia the aforementioned countries eventually withdrew their resolution 66 67 opposition to the invasion coalesced in the worldwide 15 february 2003 anti war protest that attracted between six and ten million people in more than 800 cities the largest such protest in human history 68 josé manuel durão barroso blair bush and josé maría aznar on 16 march 2003 at the azores summit on 16 march 2003 spanish prime minister josé maría aznar uk prime minister tony blair bush and prime minister of portugal josé manuel durão barroso as host met in the azores to discuss the invasion of iraq and spain s potential involvement in the war as well as the beginning of the invasion this encounter was extremely controversial in spain even now remaining a very sensitive point for the aznar government 69 in 2004 madrid suffered the worst terrorist attack in europe since the lockerbie bombing motivated by spain s decision to participate in the war prompting some spaniards to accuse the prime minister of being responsible 70 in march 2003 the u s uk poland australia spain denmark preparing for the invasion of iraq with a host of public relations and military moves in his 17 march address to the nation bush demanded that saddam and his two sons uday and qusay surrender and leave iraq giving them a 48 hour deadline 71 the uk house of commons held a debate on going to war on 18 march where the government motion was approved 412 to 149 72 the vote was a key moment in the history of the blair administration as the number of government mps who rebelled against the vote was the greatest since the repeal of the corn laws in 1846 three government ministers resigned in protest at the war john denham lord hunt of kings heath and the then leader of the house of commons robin cook in a passionate speech to the house of commons after his resignation he said what has come to trouble me is the suspicion that if the hanging chads of florida had gone the other way and al gore had been elected we would not now be about to commit british troops to action in iraq during the debate it was stated that the attorney general had advised that the war was legal under previous un resolutions last diplomatic efforts edit main article failed iraqi peace initiatives in december 2002 a representative of iraqi general tahir jalil habbush al tikriti contacted former cia counterterrorism department head vincent cannistraro and stated that saddam knew there was a campaign to link him to 11 september and prove he had wmds cannistraro added that the iraqis were prepared to satisfy these concerns i reported the conversation to senior levels of the state department and i was told to stand aside and they would handle it cannistraro stated that the offers made were all killed by the bush administration because they allowed saddam to remain in power an outcome viewed as unacceptable it has been suggested that saddam was prepared to go into exile if allowed to keep u s 1 billion 73 egyptian president hosni mubarak s national security advisor osama el baz sent a message to the u s state department that the iraqis wanted to discuss the accusations that the country had wmds and ties with al qaeda iraq also attempted to reach the u s through the syrian french german and russian intelligence services in january 2003 lebanese american imad hage met with u s department of defense official michael maloof hage a resident of beirut had been recruited by the department to assist in the war on terror he reported that mohammed nassif a close aide to syrian president bashar al assad had expressed frustrations about the difficulties of syria contacting the u s and had attempted to use him as an intermediary maloof arranged for hage to meet with richard perle then head of the defense policy board 74 75 in january 2003 hage met with iraqi intelligence official hassan al obeidi al obeidi told hage that baghdad did not understand why they were targeted and that they had no wmds he then made the offer for washington to send in 2000 fbi agents to confirm this he additionally offered petroleum concessions but stopped short of having saddam give up power instead suggesting that elections could be held in two years later al obeidi suggested that hage travel to baghdad for talks he accepted 74 later that month hage met with general habbush and iraqi deputy prime minister tariq aziz he was offered top priority to u s firms in oil and mining rights un supervised elections u s inspections with up to 5 000 inspectors to have al qaeda agent abdul rahman yasin in iraqi custody since 1994 handed over as a sign of good faith and to give full support for any u s plan in the israeli palestinian peace process they also wished to meet with high ranking u s officials on 19 february hage faxed maloof his report of the trip maloof reports having brought the proposal to jaymie duran the pentagon denies that either wolfowitz or rumsfeld duran s bosses were aware of the plan 74 on 21 february maloof informed duran in an email that richard perle wished to meet with hage and the iraqis if the pentagon would clear it duran responded mike working this keep this close hold on 7 march perle met with hage in knightsbridge and stated that he wanted to pursue the matter further with people in washington d c both have acknowledged the meeting a few days later he informed hage that washington refused to let him meet with habbush to discuss the offer hage stated that perle s response was that the consensus in washington was it was a no go perle told the times the message was tell them that we will see them in baghdad 76 rationale edit main article rationale for the iraq war according to tommy franks the objectives of the invasion were to 77 depose s saddam government identify isolate and eliminate iraqi wmds find capture and drive out terrorists from iraq collect intelligence related to terrorist networks and to the global network of wmds end sanctions deliver humanitarian support to the iraqi people including the displaced secure iraq s oil fields and resources which belong to the iraqi people help the iraqi people create conditions for a transition to a representative self government throughout 2002 the bush administration insisted that removing saddam from power to restore international peace and security was a major goal the principal stated justifications for this policy of regime change were that iraq s continuing production of wmds and known ties to terrorist organizations as well as iraq s continued violations of unsc resolutions amounted to a threat to the u s and the world community bush speaking in october 2002 said that the stated policy of the united states is regime change however if saddam were to meet all the conditions of the united nations the conditions that i have described very clearly in terms that everybody can understand that in itself will signal the regime has changed 78 citing reports from certain intelligence sources bush stated on 6 march 2003 that he believed that saddam was not complying with un resolution 1441 79 weapons of mass destruction edit the main allegations were that saddam possessed or was attempting to produce wmds which he had used in places such as halabja 80 81 possessed and made efforts to acquire particularly considering two previous attacks on baghdad nuclear weapons production facilities by both iran and israel which were alleged to have postponed weapons development progress and further that he had ties to terrorists specifically al qaeda colin powell holding a model vial of anthrax during his presentation to the un security council on 5 february 2003 english wikisource has original text related to this article colin powell s february 5 2003 address to the united nations security council the bush administration s overall rationale for the invasion of iraq was presented in detail by powell to the unsc in summary he stated we know that saddam hussein is determined to keep his weapons of mass destruction he s determined to make more given saddam hussein s history of aggression given what we know of his terrorist associations and given his determination to exact revenge on those who oppose him should we take the risk that he will not some day use these weapons at a time and the place and in the manner of his choosing at a time when the world is in a much weaker position to respond the united states will not and cannot run that risk to the american people leaving saddam hussein in possession of weapons of mass destruction for a few more months or years is not an option not in a post september 11 world 82 in september 2002 blair stated that regime change in iraq would be a wonderful thing that is not the purpose of our action our purpose is to disarm iraq of weapons of mass destruction 83 in november of that year blair further stated that so far as our objective it is disarmament not regime change that is our objective now i happen to believe the regime of saddam is a very brutal and repressive regime i think it does enormous damage to the iraqi people so i have got no doubt saddam is very bad for iraq but on the other hand i have got no doubt either that the purpose of our challenge from the united nations is the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction it is not regime change 84 on 31 january 2003 bush again reiterated that the single trigger for the invasion would be iraq s failure to disarm saddam hussein must understand that if he does not disarm for the sake of peace we along with others will go disarm saddam hussein 85 as late as 25 february it was still the official line that the only cause of invasion would be a failure to disarm as blair made clear in a statement to the house of commons i detest his regime but even now he can save it by complying with the un s demand even now we are prepared to go the extra step to achieve disarmament peacefully 86 in september 2002 the bush administration said attempts by iraq to acquire thousands of high strength aluminum tubes pointed to a clandestine program to make enriched uranium for nuclear bombs powell referred to the tubes in his unsc presentation a report released by the institute for science and international security in 2002 however reported that it was highly unlikely that the tubes could be used to enrich uranium powell later admitted that his presentation had inaccuracies based on sourcing that was wrong and in some cases deliberately misleading 87 88 89 the bush administration asserted that the saddam government had sought to purchase yellowcake uranium from niger 90 on 7 march 2003 the u s submitted intelligence documents as evidence to the international atomic energy agency these documents were dismissed by the iaea as forgeries with the concurrence in that judgment of outside experts at the time an american official stated that the evidence was submitted to the iaea without knowledge of its provenance and characterized any mistakes as more likely due to incompetence not malice since the invasion the u s government statements concerning iraqi weapons programs and links to al qaeda have been discredited 91 though chemical weapons were found in iraq during the occupation period 92 while the debate of whether iraq intended to develop chemical biological and nuclear weapons in the future remains open no wmds have been found in iraq since the invasion despite comprehensive inspections lasting more than 18 months 93 in cairo on 24 february 2001 powell had predicted as much saying saddam has not developed any significant capability with respect to weapons of mass destruction he is unable to project conventional power against his neighbours 94 connection to terrorists edit another justification included the alleged connection between saddam s and that of terrorist organizations such as al qaeda while it never made an explicit connection between iraq and 9 11 the bush administration repeatedly insinuated a link thereby creating a false impression for the u s public grand jury testimony from al qaeda s 1993 world trade center bombing trials cited numerous direct connections between the bombers to hussein s government the iraqi national congress alleged that saddam had been collaborating with al qaeda since 1992 via the iraqi intelligence service iis 48 for example the washington post has noted that while not explicitly declaring iraqi culpability in 9 11 administration officials did at various times imply a link in late 2001 cheney said it was pretty well confirmed that attack mastermind mohamed atta had met with a senior iraqi intelligence official later cheney called iraq the geographic base of the terrorists who had us under assault now for many years but most especially on 9 11 95 steven kull director of the program on international policy attitudes pipa observed in march 2003 that the administration has succeeded in creating a sense that there is some connection between 9 11 and saddam this was after a new york times cbs poll showed that 45 of americans believed saddam was personally involved in the attacks the christian science monitor observed at the time while s ources knowledgeable about u s intelligence say there is no evidence that saddam played a role in 9 11 nor that he has been or is currently aiding al qaeda the white house appears to be encouraging this false impression as it seeks to maintain american support for a possible war against iraq and demonstrate seriousness of purpose to saddam s regime the csm went on to report that while 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