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bibliography 10 further reading 11 external links toggle the table of contents battle of hong kong 29 languages العربية تۆرکجه български বাংলা català dansk deutsch español فارسی suomi français עברית bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 occitan polski português română русский српски srpski svenska ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 22 16 57 n 114 09 40 e 22 28250 n 114 16111 e 22 28250 114 16111 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia one of the first battles of the pacific campaign of world war ii for the japanese film in 1942 see the battle of hong kong film battle of hong kong part of the pacific theatre of world war ii japanese troops take tsim sha tsui date 8 25 december 1941 location british hong kong result japanese victory territorial changes japanese occupation of hong kong belligerents british empire united kingdom hong kong india canada china japan commanders and leaders mark young christopher maltby cedric wallis john k lawson andrew chan henry hsu takashi sakai tadamichi kuribayashi tadayoshi sano masaichi niimi strength 10 976 1 14 564 troops 2 5 planes 1 destroyer 4 gunboats 1 minelayer 8 mtbs 26 928 troops 3 51 planes 1 cruiser 3 destroyers 4 torpedo boats 3 gunboats casualties and losses 1 560 2 278 killed or missing 2 300 wounded 10 947 captured a 1 destroyer captured 4 gunboats sunk 1 minelayer sunk 3 mtbs sunk 5 planes lost 675 killed 2 079 wounded 5 2 planes damaged 6 civilian casualties 4 000 killed 3 000 severely wounded b v t e japanese offensives 1940 1942 1940 manchukuo chongqing south guangxi baotou west suiyuan zaoyang yichang french indochina ningbo central hubei north china 1941 panjiayu south henan western hubei shanggao south shanxi 2nd changsha malaya pearl harbor thailand hong kong philippines guam wake sand island niʻihau gilbert islands indian ocean borneo dutch east indies burma 3rd changsha 1942 nanshitou timor new guinea qantas short empire shootdown singapore darwin ellwood broome knilm douglas dc 3 shootdown operation k andaman and nicobar christmas island ceylon solomons tulagi coral sea nauru and ocean islands zhejiang jiangxi madagascar aleutian islands midway sydney newcastle fort stevens dureenbee mount emily v t e second sino japanese war 1931 1937 pre total war phase mukden manchuria jiangqiao nenjiang bridge jinzhou harbin lytton report 1st shanghai counterinsurgency in manchuria pingdingshan great wall rehe tanggu inner mongolia north chahar qin doihara suiyuan he umezu august 1 december 9th wayaobu xi an 1937 1938 strategic defense phase lugou bridge beiping tianjin guanganmen tongzhou chahar 2nd shanghai sihang warehouse railway operations beiping hankou tianjin pukou taiyuan pingxingguan xinkou yanmen pass nanking uss panay massacre tsingtao xuzhou taierzhuang north east henan lanfeng amoy chongqing yellow river flood wuhan jiujiang wanjialing wenxi fire xinfeng dongwuling canton 1938 1943 strategic stalemate phase hainan nanchang suixian zaoyang swatow east shanxi 1st changsha south guangxi kunlun pass winter offensive baotou west suiyuan wuyuan 1st south shanxi zaoyang yichang hundred regiments guanjianao three alls policy panjiayu ningbo central hubei south anhui south henan 1st west hubei shanggao 2nd south shanxi 2nd changsha 3rd changsha nanshitou yunnan burma road tachiao oktwin toungoo the hump yenangyaung salween river kokang zhejiang jiangxi sichuan taihang mountains 2nd west hubei changjiao 1943 1945 strategic counter offensive phase linnan north burma and west yunnan myitkyina mogaung mount song changde ichi go central henan lingbao changsha hengyang hengyang guilin liuzhou west henan north hubei west hunan 2nd guangxi kaifeng railway bridge air war jianqiao taihoku v t e pacific war east asia china japan volcano and ryukyu manchuria southeast asia french indochina thailand indian ocean malaya burma philippines 1941 1942 dutch east indies philippines 1944 1945 borneo pacific ocean hawaiian islands wake island midway new guinea new britain huon peninsula salamaua lae markham valley western new guinea solomon islands guadalcanal new georgia bougainville gilbert and marshall islands mariana and palau islands north america ellwood aleutian islands estevan point lighthouse fort stevens lookout air raids fire balloon bombs project hula px v t e military campaigns of the empire of japan meiji era taiwan 1874 ganghwa 1875 ryukyu 1879 qing japanese war 1894 1895 triple intervention 1895 boxer rebellion 1899 1901 russo japanese war 1904 1905 japan korea treaty of 1910 taishō era tsingtao 1914 german pacific possesions 1914 siberia 1918 1922 shōwa era manchuria 1931 1932 china 1937 1945 french indochina 1940 coup d état 1945 pacific theatre 1941 1945 v t e campaigns of world war ii europe poland phoney war finland winter war karelia lapland denmark and norway finnmark western front 1940 luxembourg netherlands belgium france alps 1940 1944 britain balkans greco italian war greece crete yugoslavia guerilla war eastern front berlin italy sicily mainland italy western front 1944 1945 pacific china franco thai war pacific ocean southwest pacific southeast asia thailand prachuap khiri khan japan manchuria and northeast asia mediterranean and middle east adriatic mediterranean sea malta dodecanese north africa libya egypt morocco algeria tunisia east africa guerrilla war middle east iraq syria lebanon iran other campaigns americas antarctica australia atlantic arctic air warfare strategic bombing french west africa indian ocean 1941 1945 madagascar the battle of hong kong 8 25 december 1941 also known as the defence of hong kong and the fall of hong kong was one of the first battles of the pacific war in world war ii on the same morning as the attack on pearl harbor forces of the empire of japan attacked the british crown colony of hong kong around the same time that japan declared war on britain the hong kong garrison consisted of british indian and canadian units the auxiliary defence units and the hong kong volunteer defence corps hkvdc of the three territories of hong kong the defenders abandoned the two mainland territories of kowloon and new territories within a week less than two weeks later with their last territory hong kong island untenable the colony surrendered the fall of the city is regarded as black christmas as it marked the beginning of a brutal occupation by japan that would last until its liberation in the summer of 1945 britain s defeat in hong kong alongside the fall of singapore in 1942 would irreparably damage its reputation in asia as a major military power background edit britain first thought of japan as a threat with the ending of the anglo japanese alliance in 1921 a threat that increased throughout the 1930s with the escalation of the second sino japanese war as well as the japanese invasion of french indochina on 21 october 1938 the japanese occupied canton guangzhou and hong kong was surrounded 8 british defence studies concluded that hong kong would be extremely hard to defend in the event of a japanese attack but in the mid 1930s work began on improvements to defences including along the gin drinkers line by 1940 the british determined to reduce the hong kong garrison to only a symbolic size air chief marshal sir robert brooke popham the commander in chief of the british far east command argued that limited reinforcements could allow the garrison to delay a japanese attack gaining time elsewhere 9 winston churchill and the general staff named hong kong as an outpost and decided against sending more troops in september 1941 they reversed their decision and argued that additional reinforcements would provide a military deterrent against the japanese and reassure chinese leader chiang kai shek that britain was serious about defending the colony 9 the plan for the defence of hong kong was that a delaying action would be fought in the new territories and kowloon peninsula to allow the destruction of vital infrastructure and stores there the gin drinker s line was expected to hold out for at least three weeks following which all defenders would withdraw to hong kong island which would be defended and use of the harbour denied until reinforcements could arrive from singapore or the philippines 10 according to the history manual of the united states military academy japanese control of canton hainan island french indo china and formosa virtually sealed the fate of hong kong well before the firing of the first shot 11 12 the british military in hong kong grossly underestimated the capabilities of the japanese forces and downplayed assessments that the japanese posed a serious threat as unpatriotic and insubordinate 13 us consul robert ward the highest ranking us official posted to hong kong in the period preceding the outbreak of hostilities offered a first hand explanation for the rapid collapse of defences in hong kong by saying that the local british community had insufficiently prepared itself or the chinese populace for war 14 he highlighted the prejudiced attitudes held by those governing the crown colony of hong kong several of them the british rulers said frankly that they would rather turn the island over to the japanese rather than to turn it over to the chinese by which they meant rather than employ chinese to defend the colony they would surrender it to the japanese 15 colonel reynolds condon a us army assistant military attaché who witnessed the battle and was taken prisoner by the japanese wrote up his observations on military preparedness before the commencement of hostilities and on the execution of operations thereafter 16 order of battle edit further information battle of hong kong order of battle allied order of battle edit strengths of all personnel mobilised at hong kong garrison on 8 december 1941 14 564 17 british 3 652 17 local colonial 2 428 17 indian 2 254 17 auxiliary defence units 2 112 17 hong kong volunteer defence corps 1 787 18 canadian 1 982 17 nursing detachment 136 17 indian army edit indian gunners manning a 9 2 inch naval artillery gun at mount davis battery on hong kong island the 5 7th battalion rajput regiment 19 took up garrison at hong kong in june 1937 followed by the 2 14th battalion punjab regiment in november 1940 20 21 indian troops were also incorporated within several overseas regiments for example the hong kong singapore royal artillery regiment which had indian sikh gunners 22 23 the hong kong mule corps was staffed almost entirely by dogras and punjabi muslims 24 medical personnel from the indian medical service tended to those injured in combat ex servicemen from india serving as security guards in hong kong also suffered appallingly huge casualties 25 hong kong and singapore royal artillery edit coastal defence batteries including those at stonecutters island pak sha wan lyemun fort saiwan mount collinson mount parker belchers mount davis jubilee hill bokara and stanley provided artillery support for ground operations until they were put out of action or they surrendered 26 27 hong kong and singapore royal artillery which was raised with troops recruited from undivided india also suffered heavy casualties during the battle of hong kong and are commemorated with names inscribed on panels at the entrance to sai wan war cemetery 144 killed 45 missing and 103 wounded 28 canadian army c force edit main article c force three weeks before the battle a canadian military contingent arrived to reinforce the garrison in late 1941 the british government accepted an offer by the canadian government to send a battalion of the royal rifles of canada from quebec and one of the winnipeg grenadiers from manitoba and a brigade headquarters 1 975 personnel to reinforce the hong kong garrison c force as it was known arrived on 16 november on board the troopship awatea and the armed merchant cruiser hmcs prince robert a total of 96 officers two auxiliary services supervisors and 1 877 other ranks disembarked included were two medical officers and two nurses supernumerary to the regimental medical officers two canadian dental corps officers with assistants three chaplains and a detachment of the canadian postal corps a soldier of the royal canadian army medical corps rcamc had stowed away and was sent back to canada 29 the royal rifles had served only in the dominion of newfoundland and new brunswick prior to posting to hong kong the winnipeg grenadiers had been deployed to jamaica few canadian soldiers had field experience but were nearly fully equipped however the battalions had only two anti tank rifles and no ammunition for 2 inch and 3 inch mortars or signal pistols these were intended to be supplied after they arrived in hong kong 30 the c force didn t receive its vehicles as the us merchant ship san jose carrying them was at the outbreak of the pacific war diverted to manila in the philippine islands at the request of the us government 31 royal navy edit the royal navy presence at hong kong was little more than a token display of defence with three world war i vintage destroyers four river gunboats a new but almost unarmed minelayer and the 2nd motor torpedo boat flotilla 32 royal marines edit there were 40 royal marines attached to hms tamar a shore station when the battle began the royal marines fought against japanese forces in magazine gap alongside hkvdc and royal engineers they also manned machine guns on mount cameron commanding officer major giles rm instructed his men to defend the island to the last man and last round 33 royal air force edit the royal air force station at hong kong s kai tak airport raf kai tak had only five aeroplanes two supermarine walrus amphibious aircraft and three outdated vickers vildebeest torpedo reconnaissance bombers flown and serviced by seven officers and 108 airmen an earlier request for a fighter squadron had been rejected and the nearest fully operational raf base with fighters two raaf squadrons with brewster f2a buffalo was in kota bharu malaya nearly 2 250 km 1 400 mi away other forces edit the chinese military mission to hong kong initiated in 1938 was headed by rear admiral andrew chan and his aide lieutenant commander henry hsu 34 it had the objective of coordinating chinese war aims with the british in hong kong 35 working with the british police chan organized pro british agents among the population and rooted out triad factions that were sympathetic to the japanese 34 a squad of free french under captain rodéric egal of the free french in shanghai who happened to be in hong kong when the battle broke out fought alongside the hkvdc 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