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inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box the program can automatically translate the case of the text being entered or even prevent certain characters from being inserted syntax edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information april 2014 visual basic uses statements to specify actions the most common statement is an expression statement consisting of an expression to be evaluated on a single line as part of that evaluation functions or subroutines may be called and variables may be assigned new values to modify the normal sequential execution of statements visual basic provides several control flow statements identified by reserved keywords structured programming is supported by several constructs including two conditional execution constructs if then else end if and select case case end select and four iterative execution loop constructs do loop for to for each and while end while the for to statement has separate initialisation and testing sections both of which must be present see examples below the for each statement steps through each value in a list in addition in visual basic there is no unified way of defining blocks of statements instead certain keywords such as if then or sub are interpreted as starters of sub blocks of code and have matching termination keywords such as end if or end sub statements are terminated either with a colon or with the end of line multiple line statements in visual basic are enabled with _ at the end of each such line the need for the underscore continuation character was largely removed in version 10 and later versions 7 the equals sign is used in both assigning values to variables and in comparison round brackets parentheses are used with arrays both to declare them and to get a value at a given index in one of them visual basic uses round brackets to define the parameters of subroutines or functions a single quotation mark or the keyword rem placed at the beginning of a line or after any number of space or tab characters at the beginning of a line or after other code on a line indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment simple example edit the following is a very simple visual basic program a version of the classic hello world example created as a console application module module1 sub main the classic hello world demonstration program console writeline hello world end sub end module it prints hello world on a command line window each line serves a specific purpose as follows module module1 this is a module definition modules are a division of code which can contain any kind of object like constants or variables functions or methods or classes but can not be instantiated as objects like classes and cannot inherit from other modules modules serve as containers of code that can be referenced from other parts of a program 8 it is common practice for a module and the code file which contains it to have the same name however this is not required as a single code file may contain more than one module or class sub main this line defines a subroutine called main main is the entry point where the program begins execution 9 console writeline hello world this line performs the actual task of writing the output console is a system object representing a command line interface also known as a console and granting programmatic access to the operating system s standard streams the program calls the console method writeline which causes the string passed to it to be displayed on the console instead of console writeline an alternative is msgbox which prints the message in a dialog box instead of a command line window 10 complex example edit this piece of code outputs floyd s triangle to the console imports system console module program sub main dim rows as integer input validation do until integer tryparse readline enter a value for how many rows to be displayed vbcrlf rows andalso rows 1 writeline allowed range is 1 and 0 integer maxvalue loop output of floyd s triangle dim current as integer 1 dim row as integer dim column as integer for row 1 to rows for column 1 to row write 0 2 current current 1 next writeline next end sub summary like console readline but takes a prompt string summary function readline optional prompt as string nothing as string if prompt isnot nothing then write prompt end if return console readline end function end module comparison with the classic visual basic edit main article comparison of visual basic and visual basic net whether visual basic net should be considered as just another version of visual basic or a completely different language is a topic of debate there are new additions to support new features such as structured exception handling and short circuited expressions also two important data type changes occurred with the move to vb net compared to visual basic 6 the integer data type has been doubled in length from 16 bits to 32 bits and the long data type has been doubled in length from 32 bits to 64 bits this is true for all versions of vb net a 16 bit integer in all versions of vb net is now known as a short similarly the windows forms editor is very similar in style and function to the visual basic form editor the things that have changed significantly are the semantics from those of an object based programming language running on a deterministic reference counted engine based on com to a fully object oriented language backed by the net framework which consists of a combination of the common language runtime a virtual machine using generational garbage collection and a just in time compilation engine and a far larger class library the increased breadth of the latter was also a problem that vb developers had to deal with when coming to the language although this was somewhat addressed by the my feature in visual studio 2005 the changes altered many underlying assumptions about the right thing to do with respect to the performance and maintainability of applications some functions and libraries no longer exist others are available but not as efficient as the native net alternatives even if they compiled most converted visual basic 6 applications required some level of refactoring to take full advantage of the net language microsoft provided documentation to cover changes in language syntax debugging applications deployment and terminology 11 a popular trade book designed to ease the transition was michael halvorson s microsoft visual basic net professional step by step published in 2002 by microsoft press comparative examples edit the following simple examples compare vb and vb net syntax they assume that the developer has created a form placed a button on it and has associated the subroutines demonstrated in each example with the click event handler of the mentioned button each example creates a hello world message box after the button on the form is clicked visual basic 6 private sub command1_click msgbox hello world end sub vb net msgbox or messagebox class can be used private sub button1_click sender as object e as eventargs handles button1 click msgbox hello world end sub both visual basic 6 and visual basic net automatically generate the sub and end sub statements when the corresponding button is double clicked in design view visual basic net will also generate the necessary class and end class statements the developer need only add the statement to display the hello world message box all procedure calls must be made with parentheses in vb net whereas in visual basic 6 there were different conventions for functions parentheses required and subs no parentheses allowed unless called using the keyword call the names command1 and button1 are not obligatory however these are default names for a command button in visual basic 6 and vb net respectively in vb net the handles keyword is used to make the sub button1_click a handler for the click event of the object button1 in visual basic 6 event handler subs must have a specific name consisting of the object s name command1 an underscore _ and the event s name click hence command1_click there is a function called messagebox show in the microsoft visualbasic namespace which can be used instead of msgbox similarly to the corresponding function in visual basic 6 there is a controversy 12 about which function to use as a best practice not only restricted to showing message boxes but also regarding other features of the microsoft visualbasic namespace some programmers prefer to do things the net way since the framework classes have more features and are less language specific others argue that using language specific features makes code more readable for example using int c or integer vb net instead of system int32 in visual basic 2008 the inclusion of byval sender as object byval e as eventargs has become optional the following example demonstrates a difference between visual basic 6 and vb net both examples close the active window visual basic 6 sub cmdclose_click unload me end sub vb net sub btnclose_click sender as object e as eventargs handles btnclose click close end sub the cmd prefix is replaced by the btn prefix conforming to the new convention previously mentioned which visual basic 6 did not provide common operator shortcuts the following are equivalent visual basic 6 sub timer1_timer reduces form height by one pixel per tick me height me height 1 end sub vb net sub timer1_tick sender as object e as eventargs handles timer1 tick me height 1 end sub comparison with c edit main article comparison of c sharp and visual basic net c and visual basic are microsoft s first languages made to program on the net framework later adding f and more others have also added languages though c and visual basic are syntactically different that is where the differences mostly end microsoft developed both of these languages to be part of the same net framework development platform they are both developed managed and supported by the same language development team at microsoft 13 they compile to the same intermediate language il known as cil which runs against the same net framework runtime libraries 14 although there are some differences in the programming constructs their differences are primarily syntactic and assuming one avoids the visual basic compatibility libraries provided by microsoft to aid conversion from visual basic 6 almost every feature in vb has an equivalent feature in c and vice versa both languages reference the same base classes of the net framework to extend their functionality and both languages can reference compiled code written in the other language as a result with few exceptions a program written in either language can be run through a simple syntax converter to translate to the other there are many open source and commercially available products for this task examples edit hello world edit windows forms application edit requires a button called button1 public class form1 private sub button1_click sender as object e as eventargs handles button1 click msgbox hello world msgboxstyle information hello world show a message that says hello world end sub end class hello world window console application edit module module1 sub main console writeline hello world write in the console hello world and start a new line console readkey the user must press any key before the application ends end sub end module speaking edit windows forms application edit requires a textbox titled textbox1 and a button called button1 public class form1 private sub button1_click sender as object e as eventargs handles button1 click createobject sapi spvoice speak textbox1 text end sub end class console application edit module module1 private voice createobject sapi spvoice private text as string sub main console write enter the text to speak say enter the text to speak text console readline the user must enter the text to speak voice speak text speak the text the user has entered end sub end module version history edit succeeding the classic visual basic version 6 0 the first version of visual basic net debuted in 2002 as of 2020 update ten versions of visual basic net are released 2002 vb 7 0 edit the first version visual basic net relies on net framework 1 0 the most important feature is managed code which contrasts with the classic visual basic 2003 vb 7 1 edit visual basic net 2003 was released with net framework 1 1 new features included support for the net compact framework and a better vb upgrade wizard improvements were also made to the performance and reliability of net ide particularly the background compiler and runtime in addition visual basic net 2003 was available in the visual studio net academic edition distributed to a certain number of scholars from each country without cost 2005 vb 8 0 edit after visual basic net 2003 microsoft dropped net from the name of the product calling the next version visual basic 2005 for this release microsoft added many features intended to reinforce visual basic net s focus as a rapid application development platform and further differentiate it from c including edit and continue feature further explanation needed design time expression evaluation further explanation needed a pseudo namespace called my which provides 15 16 easy access to certain areas of the net framework that otherwise require significant code to access like using my form2 text mainform rather than system windowsapplication1 forms form2 text mainform dynamically generated classes e g my forms improved vb to vb net converter 17 a using keyword simplifying the use of objects that require the dispose pattern to free resources just my code feature which hides steps over boilerplate code written by the visual studio net ide and system library code during debugging data source binding easing database client server development to bridge the gaps between itself and other net languages this version added generics 18 partial classes a method of defining some parts of a class in one file and then adding more definitions later particularly useful for integrating user code with auto generated code operator overloading and nullable types 19 support for unsigned integer data types commonly used in other languages visual basic 2005 introduced the isnot operator that makes if x isnot y equivalent to if not x is y it gained notoriety 20 when it was found to be the subject of a microsoft patent application 21 22 2008 vb 9 0 edit visual basic 9 0 was released along with net framework 3 5 on november 19 2007 for this release microsoft added many features including a true conditional operator if condition as boolean truepart falsepart to replace the iif function anonymous types support for linq lambda expressions xml literals type inference extension methods 2010 vb 10 0 edit in april 2010 microsoft released visual basic 2010 microsoft had planned to use dynamic language runtime dlr for that release 23 but shifted to a co evolution strategy between visual basic and...
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