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spain owed germany over 212 million 148 for supplies of matériel during the spanish civil war and italian corpo truppe volontarie combat troops had actually fought in spain on the side of franco s nationalists when germany invaded the soviet union in 1941 franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion this was accepted by hitler and within two weeks there were more than enough volunteers to form the blue division división azul under general agustín muñoz grandes the possibility of spanish intervention in world war ii was of concern to the united states which investigated the activities of spain s ruling falange espanola tradicionalista y de las jons in latin america especially puerto rico where pro falange and pro franco sentiment was high even amongst the ruling upper classes 149 the falangists promoted the idea of supporting spain s former colonies in fighting against american domination 145 prior to the outbreak of war support for franco and the falange was high in the philippines 150 the falange exterior the international department of the falange collaborated with japanese forces against the united states armed forces and the philippine commonwealth army in the philippines through the philippine falange 151 bilateral pacts with the axis powers some countries colluded with germany italy and japan without signing either the anti comintern pact or the tripartite pact in some cases these bilateral agreements were formalised in other cases it was less formal some of these countries were puppet states established by the axis powers themselves burma ba maw government main articles japanese occupation of burma state of burma and burma national army the japanese army and burma nationalists led by aung san seized control of burma from the united kingdom during 1942 a state of burma was formed on 1 august 1943 under the burmese nationalist leader ba maw a treaty of alliance was concluded between the ba maw regime and japan was signed by ba maw for burma and sawada renzo for japan on the same day in which the ba maw government pledged itself to provide the japanese with every necessary assistance in order to execute a successful military operation in burma the ba maw government mobilised burmese society during the war to support the axis war effort 152 the ba maw regime established the burma defence army later renamed the burma national army which was commanded by aung san which fought alongside the japanese in the burma campaign the ba maw has been described as a state having independence without sovereignty and as being effectively a japanese puppet state 153 on 27 march 1945 the burma national army revolted against the japanese thailand see also thailand in world war ii phraya phahon far left thawan thamrong left and direk jayanama right with hideki tōjō center in tokyo 1942 as an ally of japan during the war that deployed troops to fight on the japanese side against allied forces thailand is considered to have been part of the axis alliance 154 155 156 or at least aligned with the axis powers 157 for example writing in 1945 the american politician clare boothe luce described thailand as undeniably an axis country during the war 158 thailand waged the franco thai war in october 1940 to may 1941 to reclaim territory from french indochina japanese forces invaded thailand an hour and a half before the attack on pearl harbor because of the international dateline the local time was on the morning of 8 december 1941 only hours after the invasion prime minister field marshal phibunsongkhram ordered the cessation of resistance against the japanese an outline plan of japan thailand joint military operations whereby thai forces would invade burma to defend the right flank of japanese forces was agreed on 14 december 1941 159 on 21 december 1941 a military alliance with japan was signed and on 25 january 1942 sang phathanothai read over the radio thailand s formal declaration of war on the united kingdom and the united states the thai ambassador to the united states mom rajawongse seni pramoj did not deliver his copy of the declaration of war therefore although the british reciprocated by declaring war on thailand and considered it a hostile country the united states did not the thais and japanese agreed that the burmese shan state and karenni state were to be under thai control the rest of burma was to be under japanese control on 10 may 1942 the thai phayap army entered burma s eastern shan state which had been claimed by siamese kingdoms three thai infantry and one cavalry division spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported by the air force engaged the retreating chinese 93rd division kengtung the main objective was captured on 27 may renewed offensives in june and november saw the chinese retreat into yunnan 160 in november 1943 thailand signed the greater east asia joint declaration formally aligning itself with the axis powers the area containing the shan states and kayah state was annexed by thailand in 1942 and four northern states of malaya were also transferred to thailand by japan as a reward for thai co operation these areas were ceded back to burma and malaya in 1945 161 thai military losses totalled 5 559 men during the war of whom about 180 died resisting the japanese invasion of 8 december 1941 roughly 150 died in action during the fighting in the shan states and the rest died of malaria and other diseases 159 the free thai movement seri thai was established during these first few months parallel free thai organizations were also established in the united kingdom the king s aunt queen rambai barni was the nominal head of the british based organization and pridi banomyong the regent headed its largest contingent which was operating within thailand aided by elements of the military secret airfields and training camps were established while american office of strategic services and british force 136 agents slipped in and out of the country as the war dragged on the thai population came to resent the japanese presence in june 1944 phibun was overthrown in a coup d état the new civilian government under khuang aphaiwong attempted to aid the resistance while maintaining cordial relations with the japanese after the war u s influence prevented thailand from being treated as an axis country but the british demanded three million tons of rice as reparations and the return of areas annexed from malaya during the war thailand also returned the portions of british burma and french indochina that had been annexed phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes and of collaborating with the axis powers however the charges were dropped due to intense public pressure public opinion was favourable to phibun as he was thought to have done his best to protect thai interests soviet union german and soviet soldiers during the official transfer of brest to soviet control in front of picture of stalin in the aftermath of the invasion and partition of poland by nazi germany and the soviet union in 1939 see also germany soviet union relations 1918 1941 german soviet axis talks molotov ribbentrop pact and soviet invasion of poland in 1939 the soviet union considered forming an alliance with either britain and france or with germany 162 163 when negotiations with britain and france failed they turned to germany and signed the molotov ribbentrop pact in august 1939 germany was now freed from the risk of war with the soviets and was assured a supply of oil this included a secret protocol whereby territories controlled by poland finland estonia romania latvia and lithuania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties 164 the soviet union sought to re annex some of territories that were under control of those states formerly acquired by the russian empire in the centuries prior and lost to russia in the aftermath of world war i that included land such as the kresy western belarus and western ukraine region ceded to poland after losing the soviet polish war of 1919 1921 165 on 1 september barely a week after the pact had been signed germany invaded poland the soviet union invaded poland from the east on 17 september and on 28 september signed a secret treaty with nazi germany to coordinate fighting against the polish resistance the soviets targeted intelligence entrepreneurs and officers with mass arrests with many victims sent to the gulag in siberia committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the katyn massacre 166 soon after the invasion of poland the soviet union occupied the baltic countries of estonia latvia and lithuania 93 167 and annexed bessarabia and northern bukovina from romania the soviet union attacked finland on 30 november 1939 which started the winter war 138 finnish defenses prevented an all out invasion resulting in an interim peace but finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near leningrad the soviet union provided material support to germany in the war effort against western europe through a pair of commercial agreements the first in 1939 and the second in 1940 which involved exports of raw materials phosphates chromium and iron ore mineral oil grain cotton and rubber these and other export goods transported through soviet and occupied polish territories allowed germany to circumvent the british naval blockade in october and november 1940 german soviet talks about the potential of joining the axis took place in berlin 168 169 joseph stalin later personally countered with a separate proposal in a letter on 25 november that contained several secret protocols including that the area south of batum and baku in the general direction of the persian gulf is recognized as the center of aspirations of the soviet union referring to an area approximating present day iraq and iran and a soviet claim to bulgaria 169 170 hitler never responded to stalin s letter 171 172 shortly thereafter hitler issued a secret directive on the invasion of the soviet union 170 173 reasons included the nazi ideologies of lebensraum and heim ins reich 174 vichy france main article vichy france the german army entered paris on 14 june 1940 following the battle of france pétain became the last prime minister of the french third republic on 16 june 1940 he sued for peace with germany and on 22 june 1940 the french government concluded an armistice with hitler and mussolini which came into effect at midnight on 25 june under the terms of the agreement germany occupied two thirds of france including paris pétain was permitted to keep an armistice army of 100 000 men within the unoccupied southern zone this number included neither the army based in the french colonial empire nor the french navy in africa the vichy regime was permitted to maintain 127 000 175 the french also maintained substantial garrisons at the french mandate territory of syria and greater lebanon the french colony of madagascar and in french somaliland some members of the vichy government pushed for closer cooperation but they were rebuffed by pétain neither did hitler accept that france could ever become a full military partner 176 and constantly prevented the buildup of vichy s military strength after the armistice relations between the vichy french and the british quickly worsened although the french had told churchill they would not allow their fleet to be taken by the germans the british launched naval attacks intended to prevent the french navy being used the most notable of which was the attack on the algerian harbour of mers el kebir on 3 july 1940 though churchill defended his controversial decision to attack the french fleet the action deteriorated greatly the relations between france and britain german propaganda trumpeted these attacks as an absolute betrayal of the french people by their former allies france during the war occupied and annexed zones by germany in shades of red italian occupation zones in shades of yellow and striped blue free zone in blue philippe pétain left meeting with hitler in october 1940 personal flag of philippe pétain chief of state of vichy france on 10 july 1940 pétain was given emergency full powers by a majority vote of the french national assembly the following day approval of the new constitution by the assembly effectively created the french state l état français replacing the french republic with the government unofficially called vichy france after the resort town of vichy where pétain maintained his seat of government this continued to be recognised as the lawful government of france by the neutral united states until 1942 while the united kingdom had recognised de gaulle s government in exile in london racial laws were introduced in france and its colonies and many foreign jews in france were deported to germany albert lebrun last president of the republic did not resign from the presidential office when he moved to vizille on 10 july 1940 by 25 april 1945 during pétain s trial lebrun argued that he thought he would be able to return to power after the fall of germany since he had not resigned 177 in september 1940 vichy france was forced to allow japan to occupy french indochina a federation of french colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day vietnam laos and cambodia the vichy regime continued to administer them under japanese military occupation french indochina was the base for the japanese invasions of thailand malaya and the dutch east indies on 26 september 1940 de gaulle led an attack by allied forces on the vichy port of dakar in french west africa forces loyal to pétain fired on de gaulle and repulsed the attack after two days of heavy fighting drawing vichy france closer to germany during the anglo iraqi war of may 1941 vichy france allowed germany and italy to use air bases in the french mandate of syria to support the iraqi revolt british and free french forces attacked later syria and lebanon in june july 1941 and in 1942 allied forces took over french madagascar more and more colonies abandoned vichy joining the free french territories of french equatorial africa polynesia new caledonia and others who had sided with de gaulle from the start in november 1942 vichy french troops briefly resisted the landing of allied troops in french north africa for two days until admiral françois darlan negotiated a local ceasefire with the allies in response to the landings german and italian forces invaded the non occupied zone in southern france and ended vichy france as an entity with any kind of autonomy it then became a puppet government for the occupied territories in june 1943 the formerly vichy loyal colonial authorities in french north africa led by henri giraud came to an agreement with the free french to merge with their own interim regime with the french national committee comité français national cfn to form a provisional government in algiers known as the french...
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