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Text of the page (random words):
padding should be excluded from the reconstructed data this also guarantees that the encoded output length is a multiple of 4 bytes pem requires that all encoded lines consist of exactly 64 printable characters with the exception of the last line which may contain fewer printable characters lines are delimited by whitespace characters according to local platform specific conventions mime edit main article mime the mime multipurpose internet mail extensions specification lists base64 as one of two binary to text encoding schemes the other being quoted printable 5 mime s base64 encoding is based on that of the rfc 1421 version of pem it uses the same 64 character alphabet and encoding mechanism as pem and uses the symbol for output padding in the same way as described at rfc 2045 mime does not specify a fixed length for base64 encoded lines but it does specify a maximum line length of 76 characters additionally it specifies that any character outside the standard set of 64 encoding characters for example crlf sequences must be ignored by a compliant decoder although most implementations use a cr lf newline pair to delimit encoded lines thus the actual length of mime compliant base64 encoded binary data is usually about 137 of the original data length 4 3 78 76 though for very short messages the overhead can be much higher due to the overhead of the headers very roughly the final size of base64 encoded binary data is equal to 1 37 times the original data size 814 bytes for headers the size of the decoded data can be approximated with this formula bytes string_length encoded_string 814 1 37 utf 7 edit main article utf 7 utf 7 described first in rfc 1642 which was later superseded by rfc 2152 introduced a system called modified base64 this data encoding scheme is used to encode utf 16 as ascii characters for use in 7 bit transports such as smtp it is a variant of the base64 encoding used in mime 8 9 the modified base64 alphabet consists of the mime base64 alphabet but does not use the padding character utf 7 is intended for use in mail headers defined in rfc 2047 and the character is reserved in that context as the escape character for quoted printable encoding modified base64 simply omits the padding and ends immediately after the last base64 digit containing useful bits leaving up to three unused bits in the last base64 digit openpgp edit further information pretty good privacy openpgp openpgp described in rfc 4880 describes radix 64 encoding also known as ascii armor radix 64 is identical to the base64 encoding described from mime with the addition of an optional 24 bit crc the checksum is calculated on the input data before encoding the checksum is then encoded with the same base64 algorithm and prefixed by symbol as separator appended to the encoded output data 10 rfc 3548 edit rfc 3548 entitled the base16 base32 and base64 data encodings is an informational non normative memo that attempts to unify the rfc 1421 and rfc 2045 specifications of base64 encodings alternative alphabet encodings and the base32 which is seldom used and base16 encodings unless implementations are written to a specification that refers to rfc 3548 and specifically requires otherwise rfc 3548 forbids implementations from generating messages containing characters outside the encoding alphabet or without padding and it also declares that decoder implementations must reject data that contain characters outside the encoding alphabet 6 rfc 4648 edit this rfc obsoletes rfc 3548 and focuses on base64 32 16 this document describes the commonly used base64 base32 and base16 encoding schemes it also discusses the use of line feeds in encoded data use of padding in encoded data use of non alphabet characters in encoded data use of different encoding alphabets and canonical encodings url applications edit base64 encoding can be helpful when fairly lengthy identifying information is used in an http environment for example a database persistence framework for java objects might use base64 encoding to encode a relatively large unique id generally 128 bit uuids into a string for use as an http parameter in http forms or http get urls also many applications need to encode binary data in a way that is convenient for inclusion in urls including in hidden web form fields and base64 is a convenient encoding to render them in a compact way using standard base64 in url requires encoding of and characters into special percent encoded hexadecimal sequences becomes 2b becomes 2f and becomes 3d which makes the string unnecessarily longer for this reason modified base64 for url variants exist such as base64url in rfc 4648 where the and characters of standard base64 are respectively replaced by and _ so that using url encoders decoders is no longer necessary and has no effect on the length of the encoded value leaving the same encoded form intact for use in relational databases web forms and object identifiers in general a popular site to make use of such is youtube 11 some variants allow or require omitting the padding signs to avoid them being confused with field separators or require that any such padding be percent encoded some libraries which will encode to potentially exposing applications to relative path attacks when a folder name is encoded from user data citation needed html edit the atob and btoa javascript methods defined in the html5 draft specification 12 provide base64 encoding and decoding functionality to web pages the btoa method outputs padding characters but these are optional in the input of the atob method other applications edit example of an svg containing embedded jpeg images encoded in base64 13 base64 can be used in a variety of contexts base64 can be used to transmit and store text that might otherwise cause delimiter collision base64 is used to encode character strings in ldap data interchange format files base64 is often used to embed binary data in an xml file using a syntax similar to data encoding base64 data e g favicons in firefox s exported bookmarks html base64 is used to encode binary files such as images within scripts to avoid depending on external files the data uri scheme can use base64 to represent file contents for instance background images and fonts can be specified in a css stylesheet file as data uris instead of being supplied in separate files although not part of the official specification for svg some viewers can interpret base64 when used for embedded elements such as images inside svg 14 base64 can be used to store transmit relatively small amounts of binary data via a computer s text clipboard functionality especially in cases where the information doesn t warrant being permanently saved or when information must be quickly sent between a wide variety of different potentially incompatible programs an example is the representation of the public keys of cryptocurrency recipients as base64 encoded text strings which can be easily copied and pasted into users wallet software binary data that must be quickly verified by humans as a safety mechanism such as file checksums or key fingerprints is often represented in base64 for easy checking sometimes with additional formatting such as separating each group of four characters in the representation of a pgp key fingerprint with a space qr codes which contain binary data will sometimes store it encoded in base64 rather than simply storing the raw binary data as there is a stronger guarantee that all qr code readers will accurately decode text as well as the fact that some devices will more readily save text from a qr code than potentially malicious binary data applications not compatible with rfc 4648 base64 edit some application use a base64 alphabet that is significantly different from the alphabets used in the most common base64 variants see variants summary table above the uuencoding alphabet includes no lower case characters instead using ascii codes 32 space through 95 _ consecutively uuencoding uses the alphabet 0123456789 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz _ avoiding all lower case letters was helpful because many older printers only printed uppercase using consecutive ascii characters saved computing power because it was only necessary to add 32 without requiring a lookup table its use of most punctuation characters and the space character may limit its usefulness in some applications such as those that use these characters as syntax citation needed binhex 4 hqx which was used within the classic mac os excludes some visually confusable characters like 7 o g and o its alphabet includes additional punctuation characters it uses the alphabet 012345689 abcdefghijklmnpqrstuvxyz abcdefhijklmpqr a utf 8 environment can use non synchronized continuation bytes as base64 0b10 xxxxxx see utf 8 self synchronization several other applications use alphabets similar to the common variations but in a different order unix stores password hashes computed with crypt in the etc passwd file using an encoding called b64 crypt s alphabet puts the punctuation and before the alphanumeric characters crypt uses the alphabet 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz padding is not used the gedcom 5 5 standard for genealogical data interchange encodes multimedia files in its text line hierarchical file format gedcom uses the same alphabet as crypt which is 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 15 bcrypt hashes are designed to be used in the same way as traditional crypt 3 hashes but bcrypt s alphabet is in a different order than crypt s bcrypt uses the alphabet abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 16 xxencoding uses a mostly alphanumeric character set similar to crypt but using and rather than and xxencoding uses the alphabet 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 6pack used with some terminal node controllers uses an alphabet from 0x00 to 0x3f 17 bash supports numeric literals in base64 bash uses the alphabet 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz _ 18 one issue with the rfc 4648 alphabet is that when a sorted list of ascii encoded strings is base64 transformed and sorted again the order of elements changes this is because the padding character and the characters in the substitution alphabet are not ordered by ascii character value which can be seen by using the following sample table s sort buttons alphabets like unpadded b64 address this ascii base64 base64 no padding b64 light w bglnahqgdw bglnahqgdw p4zbo5eurk light wo bglnahqgd28 bglnahqgd28 p4zbo5eurqw light wor bglnahqgd29y bglnahqgd29y p4zbo5eurqxm see also edit 8bitmime ascii85 also called base85 base16 base32 base36 base62 binary to text encoding for a comparison of various encoding algorithms binary number url references edit base64 encoding and decoding web apis mdn web docs when to base64 encode images and when not to 28 august 2011 a b the base16 base32 and base64 data encodings ietf october 2006 doi 10 17487 rfc4648 rfc 4648 retrieved march 18 2010 a b privacy enhancement for internetelectronic mail part i message encryption and authentication procedures ietf february 1993 doi 10 17487 rfc1421 rfc 1421 retrieved march 18 2010 a b multipurpose internet mail extensions mime part one format of internet message bodies ietf november 1996 doi 10 17487 rfc2045 rfc 2045 retrieved march 18 2010 a b the base16 base32 and base64 data encodings ietf july 2003 doi 10 17487 rfc3548 rfc 3548 retrieved march 18 2010 privacy enhancement for internet electronic mail ietf february 1987 doi 10 17487 rfc0989 rfc 989 retrieved march 18 2010 utf 7 a mail safe transformation format of unicode ietf july 1994 doi 10 17487 rfc1642 rfc 1642 retrieved march 18 2010 utf 7 a mail safe transformation format of unicode ietf may 1997 doi 10 17487 rfc2152 rfc 2152 retrieved march 18 2010 openpgp message format ietf november 2007 doi 10 17487 rfc4880 rfc 4880 retrieved march 18 2010 here s why youtube will practically never run out of unique video ids www mentalfloss com 23 march 2016 retrieved 27 december 2021 7 3 base64 utility methods html 5 2 editor s draft world wide web consortium retrieved 2 january 2018 introduced by changeset 5814 2021 02 01 image xlink href data image jpeg base64 jpeg contents encoded in base64 edit fiddle jsfiddle net the gedcom standard release 5 5 homepages rootsweb ancestry com retrieved 2012 06 21 provos niels 1997 02 13 src lib libc crypt bcrypt c r1 1 retrieved 2018 05 18 6pack a real time pc to tnc protocol retrieved 2013 05 19 shell arithmetic bash reference manual retrieved 8 april 2020 otherwise numbers take the form base n where the optional base is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base and n is a number in that base v t e data exchange formats human readable formats atom csv edifact json web encryption web token web signature property list rdf rebol toml xml yaml binary formats amf asn 1 smi avro base32 base64 bson ubjson cap n proto cbor flatbuffers messagepack property list protocol buffers thrift cyphal dsdl xdr uuencode yenc comparison of data serialization formats retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title base64 oldid 1124762714 categories usenet email internet standards binary to text encoding formats data serialization formats power of two numeral systems hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles using template background color with invalid colour combination all articles with specifically marked weasel worded phrases articles with specifically marked weasel worded phrases from december 2020 all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from june 2022 articles with unsourced statements from april 2016 navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version languages ænglisc العربية বাংলা català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά español esperanto فارسی français 한국어 italiano עברית latviešu magyar bahasa melayu nederlands 日本語 polski português русский slovenčina српски srpski srpskohrvatski српскохрватски svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt 吴语 ייִדיש 中文 edit links this page was last edited on 30 november 2022 at 10 29 utc text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike license 3 0 additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact 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