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e the categories a line with the correct sort string like defaultsort lastname firstname defining a sortkey only for one of the parent categories category parent category a sortkey category parent category b this will also override any maybe defined defaultsort for parent category a the default sort order on commons is 0 9 a a z z _ é é here the symbol should simply indicate a space as sortkey which is always sorted first the two most commonly used sort keys on commons are space and after this and are also often used the sortkey is used to sort templates at the end of the related commons category see for example category transport templates sorted in category transport the special sortkey setcat is used to sort image sets at the end of the related category see e g category icosahedron with colored vertices sorted in category icosahedron see also meta help sorting sort modes for more information renaming or moving categories please see commons rename a category for more appropriate categorization pages including category pages are categorized according to their subject and not to their contents because the contents are generally not a permanent feature of the category page in particular you can momentarily find inappropriate contents in a category page example assume that category spheres contains only pictures of crystal balls you must not add category glass in the category page according to the current contents because you can have spheres made with a great variety of materials normally any picture showing a glass object would be already categorized in category glass or in a category of its substructure so if the category spheres is really crowded with crystal balls pictures it would be a better idea to create a new category page like category glass spheres or category crystal balls categorized in category spheres and category glass generally files should only be in the most specific category that exists for certain topic for example files in category looking up the center of the eiffel tower should not also be in category paris see over categorization below if you do not find a category that fits your purpose you can create it but carefully read the section about using categories first this does not mean that an image only belongs in one category it just means that images should not be in redundant or non specific categories for instance an image of a polar bear being rescued from an iceberg by a helicopter should be in category ursus maritimus category icebergs and category rescue helicopters it should not however be in category ursidae category sea ice or category aircraft categorization tips the categories you choose for your uploads should answer as many as possible of the following questions what whom what or whom does the file show what is the main subject what are the noteworthy features of the image for instance category automobiles category felis silvestris catus or category jimmy wales where where was the image taken what is the location of the subject what is the location of the camera this is especially important for pictures of places e g category basin street new orleans also use location when when did the depicted events happen or when was the image created when was the image taken this is especially important for historical images an example would be category warsaw in september 1939 category april 2010 in northern ireland who who if anyone is depicted please add one or more subcategories from category people who is the author this is especially important for works of well known artists and for historical images for example category paintings by rembrandt or category photographs by annie leibovitz you can also use the pages from the creator namespace as templates to achieve this how how does the file or the image do that specifically what view what type of view does the image show e g category plan views category panoramas what color which is the general color e g category yellow animals what photography technique if the image uses a specific technique or effect apply the corresponding category e g category tone mapped hdr images category black and white photographs category double exposure the above questions cover the main aspects of the image to be categorized for some images it makes sense to use all for other images only one or two are reasonable in addition there are several other aspects of the images that can be used to categorize the image what source information about where the image came from for example category images from the german federal archive what format information about the media type if it is unusual for example category audio or category animated gif category svg what software information about software used to create the image for example category created with hugin what camera information about the camera for example category taken with nikon d80 this last set is useful and important but should always be done in addition of the main set of criteria categorization in wikimedia commons is more detailed and deep than categorization in wikipedia projects compared to them commons has more categories for individual subjects places people organizations events terms etc almost every article on a wikipedia can have a corresponding category on commons however even if there exist more images of an ordinary person or incidental event it is practical to group them into a special category and categorize that category instead of categorizing all similar images individually to an identical set of parent categories find an appropriate category to find appropriate categories for your uploads you should navigate the category structure starting from a generic category narrow your search down to subcategories until you find the most specific category ies that fit s the file you uploaded you can navigate the category structure by following links to subcategories or expanding the tree of subcategories by clicking on the little symbols on subcategory names the major categories section above provides a starting point and the how to categorize guidance by topic covers some more topics over categorization for the inclusion criteria the equivalent of w wp overcat see commons category inclusion criteria don t place an item into a category and its parent for example a black and white photo of the eiffel tower should be placed in black and white photographs of the eiffel tower it should not be placed in both that category and the paris category at the same time shortcuts com overcat com diffuse over categorization is placing a file category or other page in several levels of the same branch in the category tree the general rule is always place an image in the most specific categories and not in the levels above those exceptions to this rule are explained in the section below example an image needing to be categorized shows a yellow circle this image should be placed in category yellow circles if it is also placed in category circles it is over categorized we already know that it s a circle because all yellow circles are circles therefore category circles is redundant template uw overcat can be used to advise users of this this applies to most files as mentioned under the adjacent illustration files in category black and white photographs of the eiffel tower should not also be in category paris files in category albert einstein should not be in category physicists from germany and so on why over categorization is a problem it s often assumed that the more categories an image is in the easier it will be to find it another example by that logic every image showing a man should be in category men because even if you know nothing more about the person you re looking for than that he is a man you ll be able to find it the result is that the top category fills up making it necessary to go through hundreds or in this case more likely thousands of images to find the one you want you probably won t find what you re looking for and what s more those who are looking for a generic picture of a man to illustrate an article like en man will find that they ve drowned out among the movie stars scientists and politicians on lower levels the problem becomes less acute since the number of images will be smaller they can still easily reach into the hundreds though but there is still a problem let s go back to einstein i know that he s a physicist so i ll look in the category physicists category i find an image of einstein among the hundreds of images of other physicists which i m not too happy with but it s the only one there since there was an image there i assume that there are no more hidden elsewhere rather than look further in category physicists from germany and thus find category albert einstein where there might be a better one so over categorization has led to two problems the top category is cluttered and users will stop looking for the most relevant category since they ve reached one that has a relevant image improper categorization of categories is a cause of over categorization strange as it may sound under categorization can be a cause of over categorization when a category itself is not properly categorized it can lead users to over categorize files belonging in that category an example of this category eivør pálsdóttir was categorized only in category people by name a user categorizing an image of her might then be tempted to also place the image in category female vocalists from the faroe islands the correct solution is to place the image only in category eivør pálsdóttir and to make that category a subcategory of category female vocalists from the faroe islands at that point however any images that were already placed into both categories become overcategorized and need to be manually removed from the parent category a related problem is erroneous categorization notting hill is a district within the borough of kensington and chelsea in london when it was created category notting hill was placed directly in category london instead of in the category royal borough of kensington and chelsea subcategory where it should have been placed a user categorizing an image of notting hill might then be tempted to place it both in category notting hill and in category royal borough of kensington and chelsea instead each image should be placed only in the most specific categories and those categories should in turn be placed in their most specific categories when you encounter improperly categorized categories please place them in the appropriate parent categories if you are able to do so that will not only help avoid over categorization but it will also make it easier to move through the category tree exception for images with more categorized subjects a file that depicts only one relevant subject should not be over categorized where a file depicts additional relevant subjects and the additional subjects do not have their own subcategories consideration can be given to temporarily categorizing the image in both the subcategory and the parent category for example this situation might arise in the case of a photograph of three politicians one of whom is angela merkel who has her own commons category with two other politicians who do not yet have their own categories while the image would undoubtedly be categorized in category angela merkel or one of its subcategories it would typically be considered to be over categorization to also include it in category politicians of germany users would however be unlikely to search for the two other politicians in the merkel category ideally we would create specific subcategories for the two other politicians where warranted or find other relevant subcategories e g category politicians of bavaria or category members of the fdp etc that would enable us to avoid over categorization in some circumstances however we may need to temporarily categorize the image in category politicians of germany where other appropriate subcategories do not yet exist countries may be categorized as part of multiple overlapping categories for example category india is in category countries of south asia as well as category countries of asia also user categories are exempted of over categorization as those are not visible to most viewers and project users include them for many different purposes like sorting stats filling values for userboxes etc how to categorize guidance by topic for some categories there is special guidance on how best to sort content within that category this guidance can be found in a category scheme or a commons project for your topic there is also some categorizing information in this section and sometimes there is guidance at the top of the category s page in the category namespace so for instance some guidance on categorizing content depicting people is at the top of category people and some is in the section people below architectural structures content depicting architectural structures e g buildings and tunnels can be classified like this architectural structure category first check if there is already a category for this specific structure if yes put it in there if no if you have more than two pictures create a new category named after the structure for example category rheinbrücke emmerich use the common name not necessarily the english one then you categorize the category not each single picture under the following possibilities location see category architectural structures by country for example category buildings in germany function see category architectural structures by function for example category bridges category railroad stations category houses type construction see category architectural structures by type material see category architectural structures by material for example category concrete structures architectural style see category architecture by style for example category ancient egyptian architecture category egyptian revival architecture engineer see category structural engineers for example category john a roebling architect see category architects for example category norman foster condition see category buildings by condition for example category derelict buildings category destroyed buildings in many cases intersection categories will already exist covering two or more of these considerations in a single category such as category egyptian revival architecture in france or category destroyed hotels in japan afterwards categorize the image by the way the structure is depicted such as the following or typically their subcategories painting or drawing see category paintings of buildings category paintings of bridges etc or category drawings of buildings category drawings of bridges etc postcard see category postcards of buildings category postcards of bridges etc you should also consider categories for view or point of view such as category panoramas of buildings category aerial photographs of buildings category undersides of bridges category remote vi...
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