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nderutilized reservation recommendations configure idle reservation recommendations configure underutilized reservation recommendations overcommit cpus on sole tenant vms manual live migration about manual live migration manually live migrate vms share sole tenant node groups next generation dynamic resource management cost savings get discounts for committed usage about commitments and committed use discounts cuds resource based cuds purchase resource based commitments without attached reservations with attached reservations for os licenses manage resource based commitments renew commitments automatically extend commitment terms merge and split commitments upgrade commitments share resource based cuds across projects get discounts for sustained usage disk performance optimize hyperdisk performance optimize persistent disk performance optimize local ssd performance workload performance set the number of threads per core customize the number of visible cpu cores analyze the cpu performance using the pmu pmu overview enable the pmu in vms manage the pmu in vms network performance network bandwidth use google virtual nic use irdma network driver use idpf network interface configure a vm with higher bandwidth reduce latency by using compact placement policies optimize tcp network communication optimize tcp network performance optimize tcp network resiliency benchmark higher bandwidth vms optimize app latency with load balancing use dpdk to improve network performance network performance and gpu vms networking and gpu machines use higher network bandwidth patterns for using multiple host nics troubleshoot general tips troubleshoot connectivity troubleshoot rdp troubleshoot ssh troubleshoot os login troubleshoot vms troubleshoot vm operations troubleshoot vm creation troubleshoot resource availability errors troubleshoot bulk api vm creation troubleshoot vm reboots and shutdowns troubleshoot vm suspension troubleshoot vm updates troubleshoot unresponsive vms troubleshoot vm startup troubleshoot fstab errors troubleshoot kernel panic collecting core dumps rescue an inaccessible vm troubleshoot cpu bus locks troubleshoot cpu soft lockups troubleshoot vm configurations troubleshoot arm vms troubleshoot gpu vms troubleshoot nvidia gpu errors generate a nvidia bug report for blackwell gpus troubleshoot nested virtualization troubleshoot using vm screenshots troubleshoot sole tenant nodes troubleshoot vm performance issues troubleshoot sudoers files troubleshoot windows vms troubleshoot windows vms collecting diagnostic information troubleshoot using the serial console troubleshoot using the serial console viewing serial port output troubleshoot instance groups troubleshoot managed instance groups migs troubleshoot os management troubleshoot licenses troubleshoot image import and export troubleshooting sles pay as you go registration troubleshooting ubuntu pro registration troubleshoot metadata server troubleshoot metadata server troubleshoot networking issues troubleshoot common networking issues troubleshoot network drivers troubleshoot vm performance issues troubleshoot storage troubleshoot disk creation troubleshoot full disks and disk resizing troubleshoot disk encryption troubleshoot nvme disks troubleshoot instant snapshots troubleshoot standard snapshots troubleshoot reservations and commitments troubleshoot reservation creation troubleshoot reservation consumption troubleshooting reservation monitoring troubleshoot reservation updates troubleshoot future reservation creation and updates troubleshoot automatic commitment renewal troubleshoot quota errors troubleshoot concurrent operation quota errors troubleshoot workload authentication troubleshoot default service accounts troubleshoot workload to workload authentication ai and ml application development application hosting compute data analytics and pipelines databases distributed hybrid and multicloud industry solutions migration networking observability and monitoring security storage access and resources management costs and usage management infrastructure as code sdk languages frameworks and tools home documentation compute compute engine guides send feedback manually import boot disks stay organized with collections save and categorize content based on your preferences linux the image import feature on compute engine is being moved to migrate to virtual machines we recommend that you use the new image import feature on migrate to virtual machines to import your virtual disks to google cloud the recommended way to import boot disk images to compute engine from your physical datacenters from virtual machines vms on your local workstation or from vms that run on another cloud platform is to use the virtual disk import tool which automates all of the steps in this guide if you prefer not to use the automated tool you can follow the manual step by step instructions in this guide this image import process can import only one disk at a time and this guide focuses on how to import boot disk images import your existing boot disks only if you are unable to build or migrate your apps to run on top of compute engine public images public images are already configured to run in the compute engine environment so you can run apps on those images without having to worry about bootloader and operating system configurations however you might need to import your own boot disk images in the following scenarios your apps require an operating system that is not provided as a public image you already have a set of basic images that you use to create vms in another cloud platform the work required to migrate app code to one of the public images is greater than the work required to complete the boot disk image import process alternatively you can get assistance with migration for your vms using partner services for more information see migrating vms to compute engine overview to import a boot disk image to compute engine use the following process plan your import path you must identify where you are going to prepare your boot disk image before you upload it and how you are going to connect to that image after it boots in the compute engine environment prepare your boot disk so it can boot within the compute engine environment and so you can access it after it boots create and compress the boot disk image file upload the image file to cloud storage and import the image to compute engine as a new custom image use the imported image to create a vm instance and make sure it boots properly if the image does not successfully boot you can troubleshoot the issue by attaching the boot disk image to another instance and reconfiguring it optimize the image and install the guest environment so that your imported operating system image can communicate with the metadata server and use additional compute engine features requirements requirements for the boot disk to import boot disks to compute engine the boot disks must meet the following requirements we recommend that you install all available updates in your source vm if you built a custom operating system kernel it must meet the hardware and kernel configuration requirements most stock linux distributions already meet these requirements so this requirement is only for advanced users who build their own custom operating systems to run on compute engine the boot disk must be no larger than 2048 gb 2 tb the boot disk that you import must have a functional mbr partition table or a hybrid configuration of a gpt partition table with an mbr bootloader the primary partition on the boot disk can be in any format that you like as long as it boots properly from the mbr bootloader the bootloader on the boot disk must not have quiet rhgb or splashimage kernel command line arguments compute engine does not support splash screens on startup you can remove these values from the grub config during the bootloader configuration step the operating system on the boot disk must support acpi requirements for the image file the image file that you import must meet the following requirements perform a consistency check on the disk image by using the qemu img check command on the disk to export the virtual disk use the export function of your vm management software don t copy the vmdk file from your vm manager s file system the image file must be of a supported image the disk image filename must be disk raw the raw image file must have a size in an increment of 1 gb for example the file must be either 10 gb or 11 gb but not 10 5 gb the compressed file must be a tar gz file that uses gzip compression and the format oldgnu option for the tar utility manual requirements for your project when you create a vm instance from an imported image the instance must be able to access the external package repository for the operating system that is configured on the boot disk this repository can be accessed directly from the operating system vendor or through a network connection to your on premises infrastructure that hosts these repositories to set up access to the external repository complete one of the following steps in your project configure a static external ip address for your vm to connect to your local on premises network or other external networks set up a bastion host vpn or iap tcp forwarding that can be used to connect to your local on premises network or other external networks limitations to import disks using networks that don t allow external ip addresses you need to meet additional networking requirements for more information see importing disks using networks that don t allow external ip addresses image import costs before you begin understand the costs for the import process there is no cost for the inbound network data transfer to upload your boot disk image file to cloud storage and there is no cost to import that image as a compute engine custom image however there are costs for some specific steps in the import process the cost to temporarily store your compressed image files in a cloud storage standard bucket you must use a temporary cloud storage bucket to hold your files before you can import them as custom compute engine images you can remove the bucket after you complete the import process the cost for storing custom images after you finish importing them to compute engine the potential cost for outbound data transfers on your existing data center network provider or your current cloud service image files can be very large even after you compress them so copying those files to compute engine could incur significant outbound data transfer charges on some platforms the cost for compute engine persistent disks and vm instances where you can configure your image after you import it to compute engine plan and prepare your import path your method for importing your disk depends on the current configuration of the system that you want to move to compute engine you need a system where you can create and compress the boot disk image file as well as a system where you can upload the image file to cloud storage consider the following items when you plan your import path the image import path requires you to configure your boot disk in a working operating system environment this process can cause the boot disk to not boot anywhere outside of a compute engine environment it is your responsibility to ensure that you do not lose data on your disks or disrupt your functional business apps while you import your system to compute engine identify what your existing system access configuration is and plan how you want to access the system after you import it to compute engine if your system has existing user login or ssh configurations you can configure only the bootloader and then later configure the image to run optimally on compute engine you can access the instance through your existing ssh configuration or through a direct user login in the interactive serial console if your system does not have existing user login or ssh configurations you must configure the boot disk so that you are able to access it after it boots on compute engine the length of the import process can take several hours or days depending on the size of your boot disk and the speed of your network connection the system where you create and compress your boot disk image must have enough storage space to create the image files on a storage device other than the boot disk itself typically your image and tar gz files use 2 3 times as much space as the boot disk itself understand the file system structure for the existing system that you want to import if your operating system and app files are spread across multiple disks import each of those disks individually and use each image to create a unique persistent disk for your compute engine vm instance if your systems have boot volumes in a raid configuration where multiple disks act as a single logical volume create a single image from the entire array rather than creating one image for each disk in the array compute engine persistent disks eliminate the need for raid configurations if your system encrypts the contents of your boot disk with a trusted platform module or with software level encryption decrypt your boot disk before you create the boot disk image file google cannot read your images if they are encrypted we encrypt your images for you after you upload them and let you provide your own encryption keys for your persistent disks and cloud storage buckets after you identify or create a system where you can complete the import process connect to that system and configure the bootloader prepare the boot disk image on a running system prepare the boot disk image so that it can function in a compute engine environment configure the bootloader on the boot disk so that the image can boot on compute engine configure ssh or user login access on the boot disk so that you can access it after you import it to compute engine and start it as a vm instance this process can make the system unbootable outside of compute engine so the best practice is to complete this step on an isolated system using a copy of the boot disk that you want to import configure the bootloader configure the bootloader on the system so that it can boot on compute engine connect to the terminal on the system with the boot disk that you plan to import edit the grub config file usually this file is at etc default grub but on some earlier distributions it might be located in a non standard directory make the following changes to the grub config file remove any line that has splashimage compute engine does not support splash screens on startup remove the rhgb and quiet kernel command line arguments add console ttys0 38400n8d to the kernel command line arguments so that the instance can interact with the serial console regenerate the grub cfg file use one of the following commands depending on your distribution debian and ubuntu sudo update grub rhel centos suse opensuse sudo grub2 mkconfig o...
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