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ed in 1957 128 philipp bouhler committed suicide in captivity may 1945 128 werner catel was cleared by a denazification board after world war ii and was head of paediatrics at the university of kiel 129 he retired early after his role in the t4 programme was exposed but continued to support the killing of children with mental and physical disabilities 130 leonardo conti hanged himself in captivity on 6 october 1945 131 professor max de crinis took his own life via a cyanide capsule after poisoning his family fritz cropp d 6 april 1984 bremen a nazi official in oldenburg cropp was appointed the country medical officer of health in 1933 in 1935 he transferred to berlin where he worked as a ministerial adviser in the division iv health care and people care in the ministry of the interior in 1939 he became assistant director cropp was involved in the nazi euthanasia aktion t4 in 1940 he was herbert linden s superior and was responsible for patient transfers 132 irmfried eberl captured 1948 killed himself to avoid trial gottfried von erdmannsdorff commander of fortress mogilev where many physically and mentally disabled prisoners were killed executed by the soviet union in 1946 ernst robert grawitz killed himself shortly before the fall of berlin in april 1945 133 heinrich gross was tried twice one sentence was overturned and the charges in the second trial in 2000 were dropped as a result of his dementia he died in 2005 134 lorenz hackenholt vanished in 1945 135 hans heinze was convicted of crimes against humanity for his work at the brandenburg euthanasia centre and served seven years in an nkvd special camp 136 philipp landgrave of hesse the governor of hesse nassau was tried in 1947 at hadamar for his role in aktion t4 but was sentenced only to two years time served he died in 1980 137 werner heyde escaped detection for 18 years and took his own life in 1964 before his trial 122 josef hirtreiter served time in prison from 1951 to 1977 for gassings of jews at the treblinka extermination camp his involvement at the hadamar clinic was alleged but could never be proved 138 ernst illing was the director of the vienna psychiatric neurological clinic for children am spielgrund where he killed about 200 children he was sentenced to death on 18 july 1946 139 erwin jekelius former director of am spiegelgrund died in a prison camp in the soviet union in 1952 140 erich koch served time in prison from 1950 to his death in 1986 141 erwin lambert died in 1976 135 hans lammers was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment after being convicted in the ministries trial this was later commuted to 10 years and lammers was released in 1951 he died in 1962 herbert lange was killed by allied troops during the battle of berlin herbert linden took his own life in 1945 overseers of the programme were initially herbert linden and werner heyde linden was later replaced by hermann paul nitsche 142 heinrich matthes was sentenced to life imprisonment at the treblinka trials friedrich mennecke died in 1947 while awaiting trial 143 aktion t4 memorial at tiergartenstraße 4 berlin franz niedermoser de chief doctor of the klagenfurt extermination center was executed in 1946 after being convicted in the klagenfurt trial paul nitsche was tried and executed by an east german court in 1948 144 josef oberhauser served eight years of a 15 year prison sentence for crimes against humanity and was released in 1956 he later received a further four years imprisonment at the belzec trial for 300 000 counts of acting as an accessory to murder hermann pfannmüller served five years in prison as an accessory to murder franz reichleitner was killed by italian partisans in 1944 professor carl schneider hanged himself in his prison cell in 1946 while awaiting trial 145 walter schultze was sentenced to four years at hard labor in may 1960 for aiding and abetting manslaughter of 380 persons 146 franz schwede was sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1948 and was released in 1956 he died in 1960 147 franz stangl after being caught in brazil in 1967 was sentenced to life imprisonment he died of heart failure six months into the sentence rudolf tröger was killed in action at the maginot line 148 marianne türk de was a doctor at vienna psychiatric neurological clinic for children am spielgrund where with ernst illing she killed 200 children she was sentenced to 10 years prison on 18 july 1946 139 reinhold vorberg was sentenced to ten years time served in december 1968 126 albert widmann was convicted in two trials in the 1960s and served six years in prison christian wirth was killed by yugoslav partisans in 1944 the stasi ministry for state security of east germany stored around 30 000 files of aktion t4 in their archives those files became available to the public after german reunification in 1990 leading to a new wave of research on these wartime crimes 149 memorials the german national memorial to the people with disabilities murdered by the nazis was dedicated in 2014 in berlin 150 151 it is located in the pavement of a site next to the tiergarten park the location of the former villa at tiergartenstraße 4 in berlin where more than 60 nazi bureaucrats and doctors worked in secret under the t4 programme to organise the mass murder of sanatorium and psychiatric hospital patients deemed unworthy to live 151 see also ableism memorandum authorizing involuntary euthanasia nazi doctors list nazi eugenics the racially based social policies that placed the improvement of the aryan race at the heart of nazis ideology nazi medical experimentation operation reinhard men of aktion t4 provided expertise for building the extermination camps during the holocaust aktion 14f13 1941 44 a nazi extermination operation that killed prisoners who were sick elderly or deemed no longer fit for work racial hygiene t4 gutachter experts selecting victims killed by gas in euthanasia centers ich klage an nazi pro euthanasia propaganda film life unworthy of life killing centers am spiegelgrund clinic bernburg euthanasia centre brandenburg euthanasia centre grafeneck euthanasia centre hadamar euthanasia centre hartheim euthanasia centre soldau concentration camp sonnenstein euthanasia centre jewish skeleton collection nazi euthanasia and the catholic church notes as many as 100 000 people may have been killed directly as part of aktion t4 mass euthanasia killings were also carried out in the central and eastern european countries and territories occupied by nazi germany during the war see nazi war crimes categories are fluid and no definitive figure can be assigned but historians put the total number of victims at around 300 000 3 tiergartenstraße 4 was the location of the central office and administrative headquarters of the gemeinnützige stiftung für heil und anstalts pflege charitable foundation for curative and institutional care 6 notes on patient records from the archive r 179 of the chancellery of the führer main office ii b between 1939 and 1945 about 200 000 women men and children in psychiatric institutions of the german reich were killed in covert actions by gas medication or starvation original zwischen 1939 und 1945 wurden ca 200 000 frauen männer und kinder aus psychiatrischen einrichtungen des deutschen reichs im mehreren verdeckten aktionen durch vergasung medikamente oder unzureichende ernährung ermordet 9 robert lifton and michael burleigh estimated that twice the official number of t4 victims may have perished before the end of the war 16 page needed 17 ryan and schurman gave an estimated range of 200 000 and 250 000 victims of the policy upon the arrival of allied troops in germany 18 this was the result either of club foot or osteomyelitis goebbels is commonly said to have had club foot talipes equinovarus a congenital condition william l shirer who worked in berlin as a journalist in the 1930s and was acquainted with goebbels wrote in the rise and fall of the third reich 1960 that the deformity was from a childhood attack of osteomyelitis and a failed operation to correct it 34 professors werner catel a leipzig psychiatrist and hans heinze head of a state institution for children with intellectual disabilities at görden near brandenburg ernst wentzler a berlin paediatric psychiatrist and the author dr helmut unger 52 the second phase of operation tannenberg referred to as the unternehmen tannenberg by heydrich s sonderreferat began in late 1939 under the codename intelligenzaktion and lasted until january 1940 in which 36 000 42 000 people including polish children were killed in pomerania before the end of 1939 61 several drafts of a formal euthanasia law were prepared but hitler refused to authorise them the senior participants in the programme always knew that it was not a law even by the loose definition of legality prevailing in nazi germany 66 according to lifton most jewish inmates of german mental institutions were dispatched to lublin in poland in 1940 and killed there 76 these figures come from the article aktion t4 on the german wikipedia which cites ernst klee 84 role of t4 inspector christian wirth in the holocaust 93 footnotes exhibition catalogue in german and english pdf berlin germany memorial for the victims of national socialist euthanasia killings 2018 archived pdf from the original on 16 may 2017 retrieved 4 march 2018 euthanasia program pdf yad vashem 2018 archived pdf from the original on 21 december 2022 retrieved 21 december 2022 1 2 chase jefferson 26 january 2017 remembering the forgotten victims of nazi euthanasia murders deutsche welle archived from the original on 21 december 2022 retrieved 21 december 2022 sandner 1999 p 385 hojan munro 2015 bialas fritze 2014 pp 263 281 sereny 1983 p 48 sereny 1983 p 48 proctor 1988 p 177 longerich 2010 p 477 browning 2005 p 193 proctor 1988 p 191 1 2 gfe 2013 evans 2009 p 107 burleigh 2008 p 262 1 2 3 4 ryrie alec 3 april 2018 protestants the faith that made the modern world penguin pp 288 289 isbn 978 0 7352 2282 3 mckale donald m 17 march 2006 hitler s shadow war the holocaust and world war ii taylor trade publishing p 156 isbn 978 1 4616 3547 5 1 2 evans 2009 p 98 burleigh wippermann 2014 adams 1990 pp 40 84 191 lifton 1986 p 142 ryan schuchman 2002 pp 25 62 burleigh 1995 lifton 1986 p 142 ryan schuchman 2002 p 62 lifton 2000 p 102 1 2 sources on the history of the euthanasia crimes 1939 1945 in german and austrian archives quellen zur geschichte der euthanasie verbrechen 1939 1945 in deutschen und österreichischen archiven pdf bundesarchiv 2018 archived pdf from the original on 12 april 2019 retrieved 4 march 2018 hansen king 2013 p 141 engstrom weber burgmair 2006 p 1710 joseph 2004 p 160 bleuler 1924 p 214 read 2004 p 36 lifton 1986 p 47 hitler p 447 padfield 1990 p 260 1 2 kershaw 2000 p 254 evans 2005 p 444 lifton 1986 pp 48 49 evans 2005 pp 507 508 forced sterilization united states holocaust memorial museum archived from the original on 4 january 2019 retrieved 21 december 2022 shirer 1991 p 124 evans 2005 p 508 1 2 kershaw 2000 p 256 kay 2021 pp 20 23 friedman 2011 p 146 schmidt 2007 p 118 cina perper 2012 p 59 lifton 1986 pp 50 51 kay 2021 pp 21 25 proctor 1988 p 10 1 2 3 browning 2005 p 190 friedlander 1995 p 63 lifton 1986 p 62 kay 2021 pp 27 28 friedlander 1995 p 73 friedlander 1995 p 68 browning 2005 pp 185 190 friedlander 1995 pp 40 41 1 2 lifton 1986 p 52 kay 2021 pp 22 25 sereny 1983 p 55 lifton 1986 p 60 lifton 1986 p 56 lifton 1986 p 55 friedlander 1995 p 163 evans 2004 p 93 semków 2006 pp 46 48 semków 2006 pp 42 50 friedlander 1995 p 87 browning 2005 pp 186 187 browning 2005 p 188 kershaw 2000 p 261 1 2 3 lifton 1986 pp 63 64 1 2 miller 2006 p 160 1 2 padfield 1990 p 261 1 2 kershaw 2000 p 253 1 2 lifton 1986 p 64 breggin 1993 pp 133 148 bangen 1992 1 2 lifton 1986 pp 66 67 browning 2005 p 191 padfield 1990 pp 261 303 1 2 lifton 1986 p 77 lifton 1986 p 67 annas grodin 1992 p 25 lifton 1986 pp 71 72 burleigh 2000 p 54 1 2 lifton 1986 p 71 1 2 hohendorf gerrit 2016 the extermination of mentally ill and handicapped people under national socialist rule fondation pour la mémoire de la shoah archived from the original on 15 august 2023 retrieved 29 september 2023 via sciencespo lifton 1986 p 74 klee 1983 1 2 sereny 1983 pp 41 90 1 2 3 hojan munro 2013 euthanasie morde foundation the monument for the murdered jews of europe archived from the original on 14 october 2017 retrieved 4 march 2018 1 2 klee 1985 p 232 1 2 3 4 5 6 jaroszewski 1993 wnsp state hospital 2013 beer 2015 pp 403 417 ringelblum 2013 p 20 1 2 sereny 1983 p 54 joniec 2016 pp 1 39 kershaw 2000 p 259 sereny 1983 p 71 lifton 1986 p 75 sereny 1983 p 58 1 2 lifton 1986 pp 80 82 lifton 1986 p 90 nep 2017 lifton 1986 pp 90 92 padfield 1990 p 304 schmuhl 1987 p 321 burleigh 2008 p 261 ericksen 2012 p 111 evans 2009 p 110 lifton 1986 p 93 1 2 burleigh 2008 p 262 lifton 1986 p 94 kershaw 2000 pp 427 429 lifton 1986 p 95 evans 2009 p 112 burleigh 2008 p 26 friedlander 1997 p 111 griech polelle 2002 p 76 evans 2009 pp 529 530 1 2 burleigh 2008 p 263 1 2 aly chroust 1994 p 88 hebert 2010 p 95 hilberg 2003 p 1 066 1 2 hilberg 2003 p 932 lifton 1986 pp 96 102 taylor 1949 nara 1980 pp 1 12 1 2 ernst klee what they did what they became doctors lawyers and other participants in the murder of the sick or jews frankfurt am main 2004 p 75 trauriges bild sad image der spiegel in german vol l 4 december 1967 archived from the original on 2 march 2022 retrieved 22 august 2018 1 2 hilberg 2003 p 1 175 ins ns euthanasieprogramm verstrickt der mediziner werner catel stellungnahme des senats vom 14 11 2006 enmeshed in the nazi euthanasia program the physician werner catel statement of the senate from 14 november 2006 university of kiel in german 14 november 2006 archived from the original on 28 april 2014 retrieved 22 august 2018 werner catel 1894 1981 memorial and information point for the victims of the national socialist euthanasia killings 10 august 2017 archived from 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