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reporting and research suppression edit in 2006 a column in the guardian suggested that horrobin had also actively suppressed research findings contradicting his claims about epo horrobin wrote a meta analysis of epo research on eczema in 1989 concluding that epo was effective horrobin excluded the negative results of the largest published study to date but included purported results of seven of his own unpublished studies that remained unpublished as of 2006 when several scientists asked to see the unpublished data horrobin s legal team convinced the journal to refuse the request 6 in 1997 horrobin s team successfully halted the publication of another meta analysis commissioned by the department of health 7 research published after horrobin s death indicates that fatty acids are no more effective than a placebo against eczema 20 scotia s medicines licences for evening primrose oil drugs was withdrawn 6 investor concerns about an ailing company edit as the supplement sales generated revenue horrobin s company began work on numerous drugs most of them containing evening primrose oil in 1993 the company was floated and enjoyed several years of increasing capitalisation as horrobin reassured investors who worried about the company s lack of success operating losses and enigmatic nature 21 22 horrobin stated that any of four products in scotia s drugs pipeline could bring the company billions of pounds in revenue 23 in early 1995 horrobin said that he hoped to receive approval in the next 18 months to sell one or both of two of these drugs 23 in late 1996 horrobin predicted that he would receive approval for one of the drugs in under two years 22 in 1997 horrobin stated scotia will be cash positive by 2000 21 however the initial successes of scotia on the stock markets and horrobin s reassurances were undermined by what investors perceived as long standing and systemic problems at the company and they saw their fears confirmed with the rejection in march 1997 of regulatory approval for scotia s drug tarabetic also known as efamol the product contained evening primrose oil and was intended to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy 24 scotia immediately lost one quarter of its value licences for several evening primrose oil containing drugs were later withdrawn a scotia product epogam was reportedly the first drug to have its licence withdrawn as a result of evidence that it didn t work by the end of 1997 scotia was nearly broke and did not have enough money to fund another year of research 25 investors worried that horrobin had spread the company and its resources too thinly a state described by the guardian as woolly sprawling and lacking in focus 17 they also questioned horrobin s judgement in promoting his wife to research manager of the company despite her lack of scientific or business training 26 her highest qualification was a ba in english and women s studies 17 investors were restive about horrobin s emphasis on products related to evening primrose oil which they considered a hippy project 17 outmoded and of questionable scientific validity 25 when it was found that borage contained a higher percentage of gamma linolenic acid than did the evening primrose rival companies had begun to take market share of the supplement in 1996 the independent described scotia s supplement business as struggling horrobin responded to the borage competition by accusing his rivals of duping women selling pigs in pokes and marketing unstable and potentially toxic products findings of fraud associated with scotia trials also weighed on horrobin s company goran jamal a doctor who had participated in developing efamol was found guilty of research fraud by the general medical council in 2003 27 the council ruled that jamal had committed serious professional misconduct for falsifying his results manipulating the supposed randomisation of the clinical trial conducted over a decade earlier scotia was faulted by industry observers for what was called a highly unusual compensation scheme as it had offered the doctor a portion of profits from future sales 26 although the council suggested that jamal was prompted to commit fraud by his belief in the efficacy of the drug and not by his desire for financial gain 24 horrobin s ousting from scotia edit horrobin was ousted as chief executive of scotia by a unanimous vote of the board 28 29 and was replaced on 1 january 1998 by robert dow whom horrobin had hired several months earlier to help with the company s business plan and investor relations horrobin remained until may 1998 as a non executive director when he tried to stage a boardroom coup to return himself to the executive position the other directors refused to support him and horrobin resigned as the company s value fell from about 600 m to 16 m 15 28 horrobin and his successor each blamed the other for the company s failure 17 scotia went into administration in 2001 30 laxdale ltd edit following his departure from scotia horrobin set up a new company laxdale ltd to examine the use of omega 3 essential fatty acids in treating schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases 31 the company was sold after his death to the amarin corporation and is now known as amarin neuroscience ltd 32 research publications and editorships edit horrobin was a prolific writer of academic and popular works he was also the founder co founder and editor of two journals and with his brother peter the co founder of mtp press peter horrobin later founded a religious cult ellel ministries scientific publications edit horrobin was an author on over 800 publications including about 500 scientific papers 33 34 many of which appeared in journals he edited 11 15 horrobin s belief in a connection between fatty acids and schizophrenia guided much of his career from 1970 horrobin was medical adviser to the schizophrenia society of great britain he later served as the society s president 9 horrobin also wrote on other scientific issues he considered research with animal models of human disease to be a waste of resources 35 and believed that large scale clinical trials were unnecessary and unethical however in at least one case he defended modern medicine by writing a critique of ivan illich s famous attack on the medical establishment medical nemesis 36 37 38 journal editor edit horrobin was a longtime critic of the anonymous peer review system 39 which he believed stifled creativity and innovation in science horrobin founded and edited the non peer reviewed journal medical hypotheses to provide an outlet for unorthodox ideas and research that would not be evaluated by other scientists before publication horrobin envisioned the journal as a resort for thinkers who were very good at generating ideas but are complete klutzes in the field and committed to publishing ideas based only on whether he or other reviewers considered them interesting and reasonable 40 horrobin also co founded the journal prostaglandins leukotrienes and essential fatty acids 15 science writer susan allport in her book on dietary fatty acids states that horrobin founded this journal to disseminate his ideas about evening primrose oil and fatty acids 14 popular science edit in the popular science book the madness of adam and eve 2001 horrobin outlined his hypothesis that schizophrenia contributed to the evolution of modern humans according to horrobin fat metabolism was altered as humans evolved from other primates leading to early humans with schizophrenia these humans were more creative and did not experience as much physical pain as others 41 horrobin suggested that the genes for schizophrenia are responsible for most of the religious sense most of the technical and artistic creativity and most of the leadership qualities of modern human beings 42 the madness of adam and eve was one of six books shortlisted for the 2002 aventis prize now the royal society prizes for science books the prize was won that year by stephen hawking s the universe in a nutshell 43 reviews of the book were mixed writing of a useful contribution that was also highly partisan and selective 41 an engaging and plausible argument that is not so convincingly argued 42 and a book brightly written but with a huge hole in its central premise 44 horrobin was somewhat critical of his theory describing it as a just so story perhaps fed by my own personal delusions 45 the book was compared unfavorably to similar works by kay redfield jamison who examines a possible link between bipolar disorder and artistic creativity 42 tim crow a professor of psychiatry at oxford university who had proposed a similar theory in 1995 accused horrobin of failing to acknowledge crow s contributions to the development of his ideas when novelist sebastian faulks stated that horrobin s ideas influenced his novel human traces published in 2005 crow protested that much of the credit for his theory has been misdirected by faulks to the late maverick doctor and writer david horrobin 46 death and obituary controversy edit in 2001 horrobin was diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma he died of pneumonia as a complication of this cancer in 2003 horrobin was survived by his wife sherri clarkson and two children from a previous marriage 9 a number of obituaries were published both in medical journals such as the lancet 47 and horrobin s prostaglandins leukotrienes and essential fatty acids 12 and in the popular press 9 28 most obituaries referred to horrobin as a highly intelligent creative and persuasive individual according to the telegraph horrobin was a founding father of the biotechnology industry and regarded by some as one of britain s finest original thinkers in medicine but the same obituary also noted that horrobin s implication of fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenia was not accepted by other scientists that his approach was unorthodox and unpopular and that his major business venture failed 9 the many problems at scotia under horrobin s leadership which led to the company s eventual collapse were a theme in several obituaries 28 including two highly critical and controversial accounts written by former horrobin colleague caroline richmond and published in the british medical journal bmj 15 and the independent 11 the bmj obituary sparked a months long controversy 5 12 13 14 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 the obituary described horrobin as effortlessly prolific and one of the most persuasive people on earth but also criticised him as excessively promoting evening primrose oil despite a lack of scientific evidence noting that some critics questioned his ethics it suggested that horrobin may prove to be the greatest snake oil salesman of his age stating that his evening primrose oil would go down in history as the remedy for which there is no disease and reporting that several of scotia s product licences were later withdrawn because the drugs were ineffective 15 the obituary generated the largest e mail response to an obituary in the history of the bmj 55 respondents including horrobin s colleagues friends and family were largely critical of the negative tone of the obituary 56 on behalf of horrobin s family horrobin s son in law adam kelliher filed a complaint with the british press complaints commission alleging that the bmj obituary was inaccurate and intrusive at a time of grief in violation of the code of practice 57 kelliher was founder and at the time chief executive of equazen a company marketing fish and evening primrose oils including a formulation called eye q said to improve scholastic ability in children however in his initial complaint to the bmj kelliher stated that he had no competing interests in reaction the bmj published an apology to horrobin s family expressing regret for any distress caused the journal corrected what its editor considered several insignificant 58 spelling and factual errors and published three further obituaries of horrobin however the journal also defended its original obituary as fairly presenting both the positive and negative aspects of its subject s life 55 56 58 kelliher did not accept the bmj apology as genuine and maintained that inaccuracies and unjustified slander remained but the press complaints commission declined to take any action against the journal stating that the bmj had offered sufficient remedial action according to the commission the journal was not obliged to omit negative information including the journal s contention that dr horrobin was in some ways a charlatan 57 posthumous honours edit in june 2004 the scientific publisher elsevier having acquired the journal medical hypotheses created an annual david horrobin prize for medical theory in his honour 59 he was posthumously awarded the stephen s chang award by the american oil chemists society in 2003 60 selected bibliography edit scholia has a profile for david horrobin q5235151 horrobin david f 1964 the communication systems of the body new york basic books p 214 isbn 0 465 01287 6 cite book isbn date incompatibility help horrobin david f 1970 principles of biological control aylesbury medical and technical pub co ltd p 70 isbn 0 85200 002 2 horrobin david f 1971 essential biochemistry endocrinology and nutrition new york medical and technical publishing co ltd p 118 isbn 0 85200 025 1 horrobin david f 1972 a guide to kenya and northern tanzania scribner p 304 isbn 0 684 12629 x horrobin david f 1977 medical hubris a reply to ivan illich montreal lunesdale house p 146 isbn 0 88831 086 2 horrobin david f 1983 the role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in the premenstrual syndrome j reprod med 28 7 465 8 pmid 6350579 horrobin david f 1987 essential fatty acids prostaglandins and alcoholism an overview alcohol clin exp res 11 1 2 9 doi 10 1111 j 1530 0277 1987 tb01250 x pmid 3032012 horrobin david f ed 1990 omega 6 essential fatty acids pathophysiology and roles in clinical medicine new york wiley liss isbn 0 471 56693 4 horrobin david f 1990 gamma linolenic acid reviews in contemporary pharmacotherapy 1 1 carnforth uk marius press 1 45 issn 0954 8602 oclc 729348324 horrobin david f 1993 omega 6 and omega 3 essential fatty acids in atherosclerosis semin thromb hemost 19 2 129 37 doi 10 1055 s 2007 994016 pmid 8356458 s2cid 40590225 horrobin david f 1994 unsaturated lipids a new approach to the treatment of cancer world rev nutr diet world review of nutrition and dietetics 76 77 80 doi 10 1159 000423997 isbn 978 3 8055 6040 5 pmid 7856241 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link horrobin david f 1997 essential fatty acids in the management of impaired nerve function in diabetes diabetes 46 suppl 2 s90 3 doi 10 2337 diab 46 2 s90 pmid 9285506 s2cid 10174746 horrobin david f 2000 essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema am j clin nutr 71 1 suppl 367s 72s doi 10 1093 ajcn 71 1 367s pmid 10617999 horrobin david f 2001 the madness of adam eve how schizophrenia shaped humanity london bantam isbn 0 593 04649 8 peet m 2003 ...
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