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diography is a method that can be used to detect abnormalities in the heart strain rate imaging measures either regional systolic deformation strain or the rate of regional deformation strain rate the methods used are either tissue doppler or speckle tracking echocardiography according to smiseth et al 2024 one clinical application of strain rate imaging is using longitudinal strain instead of using ejection fraction for diagnosing mild systolic dysfunction 33 three dimensional echocardiography edit three dimensional echocardiography also known as four dimensional echocardiography when the picture is moving is possible using a matrix array ultrasound probe and an appropriate processing system it enables detailed anatomical assessment of cardiac pathology particularly valvular defects 34 and cardiomyopathies 35 the ability to slice the virtual heart in infinite planes in an anatomically appropriate manner and to reconstruct three dimensional images of anatomic structures make it unique for the understanding of the congenitally malformed heart 36 real time three dimensional echocardiography can be used to guide the location of bioptomes during right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies placement of catheter delivered valvular devices and in many other intraoperative assessments 37 three dimensional echocardiography technology may feature anatomical intelligence or the use of organ modeling technology to automatically identify anatomy based on generic models all generic models refer to a dataset of anatomical information that uniquely adapts to variability in patient anatomy to perform specific tasks built on feature recognition and segmentation algorithms this technology can provide patient specific three dimensional modeling of the heart and other aspects of the anatomy including the brain lungs liver kidneys rib cage and vertebral column 38 myocardial contrast echocardiography edit myocardial contrast echocardiography mce is a technique that has been developed over the past three decades that uses microbubbles also called ultrasound enhancing agents uea to improve cardiac imaging uea improves signal acquisition increased backscatter and amplifies the signal non linear behavior which helps improve tissue contrast of the heart and detect abnormalities the microbubbles are smaller than 10 μm so they do not disrupt any blood vessels uea s have shown to be safe and effective in identifying various cardiac diseases 39 accreditation edit echocardiography can at many times be subjective meaning that the person reading the echo may have personal input that affects the interpretation of the findings leading to so called inter observer variability where different echocardiographers might produce different reports when examining the same images 40 41 it necessitated the development of accreditation programs around the world the aim of such programs is to standardize the practice of echocardiography and to ensure that practitioners have the proper training prior to practicing echocardiography which will eventually limit inter observer variability 42 europe edit at the european level 43 individual and laboratory accreditation is provided by the european association of echocardiography eae there are three subspecialties for individual accreditation adult transthoracic echocardiography tte adult transesophageal echocardiography tee and congenital heart disease echocardiography chd uk edit in the uk accreditation is regulated by the british society of echocardiography accredited radiographers sonographers or other professionals are required to pass a mandatory exam 44 united states edit the intersocietal accreditation commission for echocardiography iac sets standards for echo labs across the us cardiologists and sonographers who wish to have their laboratory accredited by iac must comply with these standards the purpose of accreditation is to maintain quality and consistency across echocardiography labs in the united states accreditation is offered in adult and pediatric transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography as well as adult stress and fetal echo accreditation is a two part process each facility will conduct a detailed self evaluation paying close attention to the iac standards and guidelines the facility will then complete the application and submit actual case studies to the board of directors for review once all requirements have been met the lab will receive certification iac certification is a continual process and must be maintained by the facility it may include audits or site visits by the iac there are several states in which medicare and or private insurance carriers require accreditation credentials of the laboratory and or sonographer for reimbursement of echocardiograms there are two credentialing bodies in the united states for sonographers the cardiovascular credentialing international cci established in 1968 and the american registry for diagnostic medical sonography ardms established in 1975 both cci and ardms have earned the prestigious ansi iso 17024 accreditation for certifying bodies from the international organization for standardization iso citation needed accreditation is granted through the american national standards institute ansi recognition of ardms programs in providing credentials has also earned the ardms accreditation with the national commission for certifying agencies ncca the ncca is the accrediting arm of the national organization for competency assurance noca under both credentialing bodies sonographers must first document completion of prerequisite requirements which contain both didactic and hands on experience in the field of ultrasound applicants must then take a comprehensive exam demonstrating knowledge in both the physics of ultrasound and the clinical competency related to their specialty credentialed sonographers are then required to maintain competency in their field by obtaining a certain number of continuing medical education credits or cme s in 2009 new mexico and oregon became the first two states to require licensure of sonographers citation needed the american society of echocardiography ase is a professional organization made up of physicians sonographers nurses and scientists involved in the field of echocardiography one of the most important roles that the ase plays is providing their recommendations through the ase guidelines and standards providing resource and educational opportunities for sonographers and physicians in the field there have been various institutes who are working on use of artificial intelligence in echo but they are at a very early stage and still needs full development 45 terminology edit the most commonly used terminology in echocardiography diagnostics are bsa body surface area dt deceleration time ivrt isovolumic relaxation time la left atrium ra right atrium lv left ventricle rv right ventricle lvot left ventricular outflow tract rvot right ventricular outflow tract pht pressure half time tapse tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion vc vena contracta edd end diastolic diameter esd end systolic diameter ivsd interventricular septal end diastole pwd posterior wall thickness lvmi left ventricular mass index ao asc ascending aorta st jxn sinotubular junction lavi left atrial volume index edv end diastolic volume esv end systolic volume ef ejection fraction fs fractional shortening ravi right atrial volume index rvot right ventricular outflow tract rvd basal rv diameter ivc inferior vena cava gls global longitudinal strain rvsp right ventricular systolic pressure e a ratio see also edit angiogram aortic valve area calculation electrocardiogram fetal echocardiography references edit cleve jayne mcculloch marti l 2018 conducting a cardiac ultrasound examination in nihoyannopoulos petros kisslo joseph eds echocardiography springer international publishing pp 33 42 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 71617 6_2 isbn 978 3319716176 a b oh j k 1 january 2007 echocardiography in heart failure 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