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ls the presynaptic terminal bouton is filled with vesicles containing acetylcholine and a neuropeptide called calcitonin gene related peptide the effects of these compounds vary in some hair cells the acetylcholine hyperpolarizes the cell which reduces the sensitivity of the cochlea locally regrowth edit see also inner ear regeneration inducing hair cell regeneration in mammals research on the regrowth of cochlear cells may lead to medical treatments that restore hearing unlike birds and fish humans and other mammals are generally incapable of regrowing the cells of the inner ear that convert sound into neural signals when those cells are damaged by age or disease 9 28 researchers are making progress in gene therapy and stem cell therapy that may allow the damaged cells to be regenerated because hair cells of auditory and vestibular systems in birds and fish have been found to regenerate their ability has been studied at length 9 29 in addition lateral line hair cells which have a mechanotransduction function and are found in anamniotes have been shown to regrow in species such as the zebrafish 30 researchers have identified a mammalian gene that normally acts as a molecular switch to block the regrowth of cochlear hair cells in adults 31 the rb1 gene encodes the retinoblastoma protein which is a tumor suppressor rb stops cells from dividing by encouraging their exit from the cell cycle 32 33 not only do hair cells in a culture dish regenerate when the rb1 gene is deleted but mice bred to be missing the gene grow more hair cells than control mice that have the gene additionally the sonic hedgehog protein has been shown to block activity of the retinoblastoma protein thereby inducing cell cycle re entry and the regrowth of new cells 34 several notch signaling pathway inhibitors including the gamma secretase inhibitor ly3056480 are being studied for their potential ability to regenerate hair cells in the cochlea 35 36 tbx2 t box transcription factor 2 has been shown to be a master regulator in the differentiation of inner and outer hair cells 37 this discovery has allowed researchers to direct hair cells to develop into either inner or outer hair cells which could help in replacing hair cells that have died and prevent or reverse hearing loss 38 39 the cell cycle inhibitor p27 kip1 cdkn1b has also been found to encourage regrowth of cochlear hair cells in mice following genetic deletion or knock down with sirna targeting p27 40 41 research on hair cell regeneration may bring us closer to clinical treatment for human hearing loss caused by hair cell damage or death see also edit list of distinct cell types in the adult human body additional images edit the lamina reticularis and subjacent structures stereocilia of frog inner ear references edit lumpkin ellen a marshall kara l nelson aislyn m 2010 the cell biology of touch the journal of cell biology 191 2 237 248 doi 10 1083 jcb 201006074 pmc 2958478 pmid 20956378 mcpherson duane june 18 2018 sensory hair cells an introduction to structure and physiology integrative and comparative biology 58 2 282 300 doi 10 1093 icb icy064 pmc 6104712 pmid 29917041 schlosser gerhard june 1 2018 a short history of nearly every sense the evolutionary history of vertebrate sensory cell types integrative and comparative biology 58 2 301 316 doi 10 1093 icb icy024 pmid 29741623 the cell biology of hearing cochlear anatomy related to cochlear micromechanics kassim ym rosenberg db das s wang x huang z rahman s et al 2026 vascilia is an open source deep learning based tool for 3d analysis of cochlear hair cell stereocilia bundles plos biol 24 1 e3003591 https doi org 10 1371 journal pbio 3003591 this article incorporates text available under the cc by 4 0 license nadol joseph b 1993 hearing loss new england journal of medicine 329 15 1092 1102 doi 10 1056 nejm199310073291507 pmid 8371732 lush mark e piotrowski tatjana 2013 sensory hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line developmental dynamics 243 10 1187 1202 doi 10 1002 dvdy 24167 pmc 4177345 pmid 25045019 1 2 3 cotanche douglas a 1994 hair cell regeneration in the bird cochlea following noise damage or ototoxic drug damage anatomy and embryology 189 1 1 18 doi 10 1007 bf00193125 pmid 8192233 s2cid 25619337 rémy pujol régis nouvian marc lenoir hair cells cochlea eu ashmore jonathan felix 1987 a fast motile response in guinea pig outer hair cells the cellular basis of the cochlear amplifier the journal of physiology 388 1 323 347 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 1987 sp016617 issn 1469 7793 pmc 1192551 pmid 3656195 ashmore jonathan 2008 cochlear outer hair cell motility physiological reviews 88 1 173 210 doi 10 1152 physrev 00044 2006 issn 0031 9333 pmid 18195086 s2cid 17722638 müller u october 2008 cadherins and mechanotransduction by hair cells current opinion in cell biology 20 5 557 566 doi 10 1016 j ceb 2008 06 004 pmc 2692626 pmid 18619539 chan dk hudspeth aj february 2005 ca2 current driven nonlinear amplification by the mammalian cochlea in vitro nature neuroscience 8 2 149 155 doi 10 1038 nn1385 pmc 2151387 pmid 15643426 mcpherson duane r 2018 08 01 sensory hair cells an introduction to structure and physiology integrative and comparative biology 58 2 282 300 doi 10 1093 icb icy064 issn 1540 7063 pmc 6104712 pmid 29917041 1 2 brownell we bader cr bertrand d de ribaupierre y 1985 01 11 evoked mechanical responses of isolated cochlear outer hair cells science 227 4683 194 196 bibcode 1985sci 227 194b doi 10 1126 science 3966153 pmid 3966153 a movie clip showing an isolated outer hair cell moving in response to electrical stimulation can be seen here physiol ox ac uk archived 2012 03 07 at the wayback machine géléoc gs holt jr 2003 auditory amplification outer hair cells pres the issue trends neurosci 26 3 115 117 doi 10 1016 s0166 2236 03 00030 4 pmc 2724262 pmid 12591210 wartzog d ketten dr 1999 marine mammal sensory systems pdf in reynolds j rommel s eds biology of marine mammals smithsonian institution press p 132 s2cid 48867300 archived from the original pdf on 2018 09 19 hudspeth aj 2008 08 28 making an effort to listen mechanical amplification in the ear neuron 59 4 530 545 doi 10 1016 j neuron 2008 07 012 pmc 2724262 pmid 18760690 santos sacchi joseph song lei zheng jiefu nuttall alfred l 2006 04 12 control of mammalian cochlear amplification by chloride anions journal of neuroscience 26 15 3992 3998 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 4548 05 2006 pmc 6673883 pmid 16611815 1 2 3 4 gillespie p g cyr j l 2004 myosin 1c the hair cell s adaptation motor annual review of physiology 66 521 545 doi 10 1146 annurev physiol 66 032102 112842 pmid 14977412 1 2 stauffer e a holt j r 2007 sensory transduction and adaptation in inner and outer hair cells of the mouse auditory system journal of neurophysiology 98 6 3360 3369 doi 10 1152 jn 00914 2007 pmc 2647849 pmid 17942617 cyr j l dumont r a gillespie p g 2002 myosin 1c interacts with hair cell receptors through its calmodulin binding iq domains the journal of neuroscience 22 7 2487 2495 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 22 07 02487 2002 pmc 6758312 pmid 11923413 housley g d ashmore j f 1992 ionic currents of outer hair cells isolated from the guinea pig cochlea the journal of physiology 448 1 73 98 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 1992 sp019030 issn 1469 7793 pmc 1176188 pmid 1593487 cranial nerve viii vestibulocochlear nerve meddean loyola university chicago retrieved 2008 06 04 pavlinkova g molecular aspects of the development and function of auditory neurons int j mol sci 2021 22 131 https dx doi org 10 3390 ijms22010131 edge as chen zy 2008 hair cell regeneration current opinion in neurobiology 18 4 377 382 doi 10 1016 j conb 2008 10 001 pmc 5653255 pmid 18929656 lombarte a yan hy popper an chang js platt c january 1993 damage and regeneration of hair cell ciliary bundles in a fish ear following treatment with gentamicin hear res 64 2 166 174 doi 10 1016 0378 5955 93 90002 i pmid 8432687 s2cid 4766481 whitfield t t 2002 zebrafish as a model for hearing and deafness journal of neurobiology 53 2 157 171 doi 10 1002 neu 10123 pmid 12382273 henderson m 2005 01 15 gene that may no longer turn a deaf ear to old age times online sage cyrille huang mingqian vollrath melissa a brown m christian hinds philip w corey david p vetter douglas e zheng yi chen 2005 essential role of retinoblastoma protein in mammalian hair cell development and hearing proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 103 19 7345 7350 bibcode 2006pnas 103 7345s doi 10 1073 pnas 0510631103 pmc 1450112 pmid 16648263 raphael y martin dm july 2005 deafness lack of regulation encourages hair cell growth gene ther 12 13 1021 1022 doi 10 1038 sj gt 3302523 pmid 19202631 s2cid 28974038 lu na chen yan wang zhengmin chen guoling lin qin chen zheng yi li huawei 2013 sonic hedgehog initiates cochlear hair cell regeneration through downregulation of retinoblastoma protein biochemical and biophysical research communications 430 2 elsevier 700 705 doi 10 1016 j bbrc 2012 11 088 pmc 3579567 pmid 23211596 erni silvia t gill john c palaferri carlotta fernandes gabriella buri michelle lazarides katherine grandgirard denis edge albert s b leib stephen l roccio marta 13 august 2021 hair cell generation in cochlear culture models mediated by novel γ secretase inhibitors frontiers in cell and developmental biology 9 710159 frontiers media sa doi 10 3389 fcell 2021 710159 issn 2296 634x pmc 8414802 pmid 34485296 samarajeewa anshula jacques bonnie e dabdoub alain 8 may 2019 therapeutic potential of wnt and notch signaling and epigenetic regulation in mammalian sensory hair cell regeneration molecular therapy 27 5 elsevier bv 904 911 doi 10 1016 j ymthe 2019 03 017 issn 1525 0016 pmc 6520458 pmid 30982678 garcía añoveros jaime clancy john c foo chuan zhi garcía gómez ignacio zhou yingjie homma kazuaki cheatham mary ann duggan anne 2022 05 04 tbx2 is a master regulator of inner versus outer hair cell differentiation nature 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s2cid 206831997 bibliography edit coffin a kelley m manley ga popper an 2004 evolution of sensory hair cells in manley et al eds evolution of the vertebrate auditory system pp 55 94 fettiplace r hackney cm 2006 the sensory and motor roles of auditory hair cells nature reviews neuroscience 7 1 19 29 doi 10 1038 nrn1828 pmid 16371947 s2cid 10155096 kandel er schwartz jh jessell tm 2000 principles of neural science 4th ed new york mcgraw hill pp 590 594 isbn 0 8385 7701 6 manley ga popper an fay rr 2004 evolution of the vertebrate auditory system new york springer verlag isbn 0 387 21093 8 manley ga 2004 advances and perspectives in the study of the evolution of the vertebrate auditory system in manley et al eds evolution of the vertebrate auditory system pp 360 368 rabbitt rd boyle r highstein sm 1 5 february 2010 mechanical amplification by hair cells in the semicircular canals proceedings of the national academy of sciences 107 8 3864 3869 bibcode 2010pnas 107 3864r doi 10 1073 pnas 0906765107 pmc 2840494 pmid 20133682 built in amps how subtle head motions quiet sounds are reported to the brain medical xpress february 9 2010 breneman kd brownell we rabbitt rd 22 april 2009 brezina v ed hair cell bundles flexoelectric motors of the inner ear plos one 4 4 e5201 bibcode 2009ploso 4 5201b doi 10 1371 journal pone 0005201 pmc 2668172 pmid 19384413 power steering for your hearing ears have tiny flexoelectric motors to amplify sound phys org press release april 22 2009 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to hair cells molecular basis of hearing outer hair cell dancing rock around the clock dancing ohc video yale ear lab nif search hair cell archived 2016 03 03 at the wayback machine via the neuroscience information framework hair tuning sound sensor archived 2021 08 26 at the wayback machine a concise report on the recent development of sound sensors based on hair tuning by students of smmee iit ropar v t e physiology of balance and hearing hearing general auditory system bone conduction otoacoustic emission tullio phenomenon pathway inner ear hair cells spiral ganglion cochlear nerve viii pons cochlear nucleus anterior dorsal trapezoid body superior olivary nuclei midbrain lateral lemniscus inferior colliculi thalamus medial geniculate nuclei cerebrum acoustic radiation primary auditory cortex balance general vestibular system pathway inner ear vestibular nerve viii pons vestibular nuclei medial vestibular nucleus lateral vestibular nucleus cerebellum flocculonodular lobe spinal cord vestibulospinal tract medial vestibulospinal tract lateral vestibulospinal tract thalamus ventral posterolateral nucleus cerebrum vestibular cortex vestibulo oculomotor fibers v t e nervous tissue cns tissue types grey matter white matter projection fiber association fiber commissural fiber lemniscus nerve tract decussation neuropil meninges cell types neuronal pyramidal purkinje granule von economo medium spiny interneuron glial astrocyte ependymal cells tanycyte oligodendrocyte progenitor cell oligodendrocyte microglia pns general dorsal root ganglion ramus ventral root ramus ramus communicans gray white autonomic ganglion preganglionic nerve fibers postganglionic nerve fibers nerve fascicle funiculus connective tissues epineurium perineurium endoneurium neuroglia myelination schwann cell neurilemma myelin incisure node of ranvier internodal segment satellite glial cell neurons nerve fibers parts soma axon hillock axon telodendron axon terminals axoplasm axolemma neurofibril neurofilament dendrite nissl body dendritic spine apical dendrite basal dendrite types bipolar unipolar pseudounipolar multipolar interneuron renshaw afferent nerve fiber sensory neuron gsa gva ssa sva fibers ia or aα ib or golgi or aα ii or aβ and aγ iii or aδ or fast pain iv or c or slow pain efferent nerve fiber motor neuron gse gve sve upper motor neuron lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron termination synapse electrical synapse gap junction chemical sy...
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