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day 1972 his writing style could also attract parodies including one by john archibald wyler that was affectionately published by a relativity journal 93 94 participatory anthropic principle edit wheeler speculated that reality is created by observers in the universe how does something arise from nothing he asked about the existence of space and time 95 96 81 he also coined the term participatory anthropic principle pap a version of a strong anthropic principle 97 in developing the participatory anthropic principle an interpretation of quantum mechanics wheeler used a variant on twenty questions called negative twenty questions to show how the questions we choose to ask about the universe may dictate the answers we get in this variant the respondent does not choose or decide upon any particular or definite object beforehand but only on a pattern of yes or no answers this variant requires the respondent to provide a consistent set of answers to successive questions so that each answer can be viewed as logically compatible with all the previous ones in this way successive questions narrow the options until the questioner settles upon a definite object wheeler s theory was that in an analogous manner consciousness may play some role in bringing the universe into existence 98 from a transcript of a radio interview on the anthropic universe wheeler we are participators in bringing into being not only the near and here but the far away and long ago we are in this sense participators in bringing about something of the universe in the distant past and if we have one explanation for what s happening in the distant past why should we need more martin redfern many don t agree with john wheeler but if he s right then we and presumably other conscious observers throughout the universe are the creators or at least the minds that make the universe manifest 99 it from bit edit in 1990 wheeler suggested that at the smallest scale physics is binary the amount of information needed to describe the universe is not infinite but ultimately limited to binary choices 100 according to this it from bit concept all things physical are information theoretic in origin wheeler it from bit otherwise put every it every particle every field of force even the space time continuum itself derives its function its meaning its very existence entirely even if in some contexts indirectly from the apparatus elicited answers to yes or no questions binary choices bits it from bit symbolizes the idea that every item of the physical world has at bottom at a very deep bottom in most instances an immaterial source and explanation that which we call reality arises in the last analysis from the posing of yes no questions and the registering of equipment evoked responses in short that all things physical are information theoretic in origin and that this is a participatory universe 101 the idea that information is more fundamental than the matter that conveys the information has slowly become a central concept in physics 102 opposition to parapsychology edit in 1979 wheeler spoke to the american association for the advancement of science aaas asking it to expel parapsychology which had been admitted ten years earlier at margaret mead s request he called it a pseudoscience 103 saying he did not oppose earnest research into the questions but thought the air of legitimacy of being an aaas affiliate should be reserved until convincing tests of at least a few so called psi effects could be demonstrated 104 in the question and answer period following his presentation not consciousness but the distinction between the probe and the probed as central to the elemental quantum act of observation wheeler incorrectly said that j b rhine had committed fraud as a student for which he apologized in a subsequent letter to the journal science 105 his request was turned down and the parapsychological association remained a member of the aaas 104 personal life edit for 72 years wheeler was married to janette hegner a teacher and social worker they became engaged on their third date but agreed to defer marriage until he returned from europe they were married on june 10 1935 five days after his return 106 employment was difficult to find during the great depression arthur ruark offered wheeler a position as an assistant professor at the university of north carolina at chapel hill at an annual salary of 2 300 which was less than the 2 400 janette was offered to teach at the rye country day school 107 17 they had three children 18 wheeler and hegner were founding members of the unitarian church of princeton and she initiated the friends of the princeton public library 108 in their later years hegner accompanied him on sabbaticals in france los alamos new mexico the netherlands and japan 108 hegner died in october 2007 at the age of 96 109 110 death and legacy edit wheeler won numerous prizes and awards including the golden plate award of the american academy of achievement in 1966 111 the enrico fermi award in 1968 the franklin medal in 1969 the einstein prize in 1969 the national medal of science in 1971 the niels bohr international gold medal in 1982 the oersted medal in 1983 the j robert oppenheimer memorial prize in 1984 and the wolf foundation prize in 1997 78 he was a member of the american philosophical society the royal academy the accademia nazionale dei lincei and the century association he received honorary degrees from 18 different institutions in 2001 princeton used a 3 million gift to establish the john archibald wheeler battelle professorship in physics 18 after his death the university of texas named the john a wheeler lecture hall in his honor 78 on april 13 2008 wheeler died of pneumonia at the age of 96 in hightstown new jersey 1 works edit wheeler john archibald 1962 geometrodynamics new york academic press oclc 1317194 harrison b kent kip s thorne masami wakano john archibald wheeler 1965 gravitation theory and gravitational collapse chicago the university of chicago press lccn 65017293 misner charles w kip s thorne john archibald wheeler september 1973 gravitation san francisco w h freeman isbn 0 7167 0344 0 wheeler john archibald 1979 some men and moments in the history of nuclear physics the interplay of colleagues and motivations minneapolis university of minnesota press oclc 6025422 wheeler john archibald 1990 a journey into gravity and spacetime scientific american library new york w h freeman isbn 0 7167 6034 7 taylor edwin f wheeler john archibald 1992 spacetime physics introduction to special relativity new york w h freeman isbn 0 7167 2327 1 wheeler john archibald 1994 at home in the universe new york american institute of physics isbn 1 56396 500 3 ciufolini ignazio wheeler john archibald 1995 gravitation and inertia princeton new jersey princeton university press isbn 0 691 03323 4 wheeler john archibald 1998 geons black holes and quantum foam a life in physics new york w w norton co isbn 0 393 04642 7 description arrow scrollable preview taylor edwin f wheeler john archibald 2000 exploring black holes introduction to general relativity addison wesley isbn 0 201 38423 x notes edit american astrophysicist and publisher hong yee chiu said he remembered a seminar in princeton university perhaps as early as 1960 when the physicist robert h dicke spoke about gravitationally collapsed objects as like the black hole of calcutta according to science writer marcia bartusiak the term had been used in 1963 at an astrophysics conference in dallas 2 74 references edit 1 2 overbye dennis april 14 2008 john a wheeler physicist who coined the term black hole is dead at 96 the new york times retrieved april 15 2008 1 2 bartusiak marcia 2015 black hole how an idea abandoned by newtonians hated by einstein and gambled on by hawking became loved new haven ct yale university press isbn 978 0 300 21363 8 jaeger gregg 2023 on wheeler s quantum circuit the quantum like revolution pp 25 59 doi 10 1007 978 3 031 12986 5_2 isbn 978 3 031 12985 8 hawking stephen et al brief answers to the big questions john murray 2020 p 103 isbn 978 1 9848 1919 2 bird kai 2004 american prometheus 1st ed vintage p 133 isbn 978 0 375 72626 2 wheeler ford 1998 pp 64 71 wheeler ford 1998 pp 71 75 wheeler ford 1998 pp 78 80 leonhart 1939 p 287 1 2 wheeler ford 1998 p 85 wheeler ford 1998 p 97 1 2 john archibald wheeler at the mathematics genealogy project wheeler ford 1998 pp 105 107 wheeler ford 1998 pp 123 127 breit g wheeler john december 1934 collision of two light quanta physical review 46 12 american physical society 1087 1091 bibcode 1934phrv 46 1087b doi 10 1103 physrev 46 1087 wheeler ford 1998 pp 151 152 1 2 3 ford kenneth w february 4 1994 interview with dr john wheeler session vi american institute of physics archived from the original on february 2 2013 1 2 3 4 macpherson kitta april 14 2008 leading physicist john wheeler dies at age 96 news at princeton archived from the original on april 13 2016 1 2 mehra rechenberg 1982 p 990 wheeler john a december 1937 on the mathematical description of light nuclei by the method of resonating group structure physical review 52 11 american physical society 1107 1122 bibcode 1937phrv 52 1107w doi 10 1103 physrev 52 1107 s2cid 55071722 teller e wheeler j a may 1938 on the rotation of the atomic nucleus physical review 53 10 american physical society 778 789 bibcode 1938phrv 53 778t doi 10 1103 physrev 53 778 mehra rechenberg 1982 pp 990 991 way katharine may 1939 the liquid drop model and nuclear moments physical review 55 10 american physical society 963 965 bibcode 1939phrv 55 963w doi 10 1103 physrev 55 963 bohr niels wheeler john archibald september 1939 the mechanism of nuclear fission phys rev 56 5 american physical society 426 450 bibcode 1939phrv 56 426b doi 10 1103 physrev 56 426 wheeler ford 1998 pp 27 28 bohr niels wheeler john archibald november 1939 the fission of protactinium physical review 56 10 american physical society 1065 1066 bibcode 1939phrv 56 1065b doi 10 1103 physrev 56 1065 2 bohr niels wheeler john archibald january 1940 resumés of recent research journal of applied physics 11 1 70 71 bibcode 1940jap 11 70 doi 10 1063 1 1712708 issn 0021 8979 1 2 wheeler ford 1998 p 31 wheeler ford 1998 pp 117 118 wheeler ford 1998 p 39 1 2 ford kenneth w february 14 1994 interview with dr john wheeler session vii american institute of physics archived from the original on february 1 2013 christy r f wheeler j a january 1 1943 chain reaction of pure fissionable materials in solution technical report metallurgical laboratory osti 4369066 wheeler ford 1998 p 40 weinberg 1994 p 14 weinberg 1994 pp 27 30 jones 1985 p 203 1 2 wheeler ford 1998 pp 46 48 jones 1985 pp 210 211 rhodes 1986 pp 558 60 wheeler ford 1998 p 56 1 2 wheeler ford 1998 p 61 gefter amanda january 16 2014 haunted by his brother he revolutionized physics nautilus 9 archived from the original on april 17 2019 retrieved february 19 2014 wheeler ford 1998 p 75 wheeler ford 1998 pp 161 162 wheeler ford 1998 pp 171 177 wheeler john march 1947 mechanism of capture of slow mesons physical review 71 5 american physical society 320 321 bibcode 1947phrv 71 320w doi 10 1103 physrev 71 320 tiomno wheeler j a january 1949 charge exchange reaction of the μ meson with the nucleus reviews of modern physics 21 1 american physical society 153 165 bibcode 1949rvmp 21 153t doi 10 1103 revmodphys 21 153 tiomno j wheeler j a january 1949 energy spectrum of electrons from meson decay reviews of modern physics 21 1 144 152 bibcode 1949rvmp 21 144t doi 10 1103 revmodphys 21 144 wheeler john november 1953 mu meson as nuclear probe particle physical review 92 3 american physical society 812 816 bibcode 1953phrv 92 812w doi 10 1103 physrev 92 812 wheeler ford 1998 pp 177 179 john a wheeler john simon guggenheim memorial foundation archived from the original on december 7 2014 retrieved december 6 2014 wheeler ford 1998 p 183 1 2 wheeler ford 1998 pp 188 189 rhodes 1995 pp 416 417 wheeler ford 1998 p 202 wheeler ford 1998 pp 193 194 wheeler ford 1998 p 196 rhodes 1995 pp 457 464 1 2 3 wheeler ford 1998 pp 218 220 ford kenneth w april 2009 john wheeler s work on particles nuclei and weapons physics today 62 4 29 33 bibcode 2009pht 62d 29f doi 10 1063 1 3120893 wheeler ford 1998 pp 224 225 ouellette jennifer december 30 2020 that time physicist john wheeler left classified h bomb documents on a train ars technica wellerstein alex 2019 john wheeler s h bomb blues physics today 72 12 42 bibcode 2019pht 72l 42w doi 10 1063 pt 3 4364 wheeler ford 1998 pp 285 286 1 2 wheeler j a january 1955 geons physical review 97 2 511 536 bibcode 1955phrv 97 511w doi 10 1103 physrev 97 511 wheeler ford 1998 pp 236 237 j wheeler 1961 geometrodynamics and the problem of motion reviews of modern physics 44 1 63 78 bibcode 1961rvmp 33 63w doi 10 1103 revmodphys 33 63 j wheeler 1957 on the nature of quantum geometrodynamics ann phys 2 6 604 614 bibcode 1957anphy 2 604w doi 10 1016 0003 4916 57 90050 7 wheeler ford 1998 p 248 hawking et al 2003 pp 80 88 wheeler ford 1998 pp 239 241 misner charles w wheeler john a december 1957 classical physics as geometry annals of physics 2 6 525 603 bibcode 1957anphy 2 604w doi 10 1016 0003 4916 57 90050 7 issn 0003 4916 wheeler ford 1998 p 296 siegfried tom december 23 2013 50 years later it s hard to say who named black holes science news retrieved july 6 2019 thorne kip s 1994 black holes and time warps pp 256 257 dewitt b s 1967 quantum theory of gravity i the canonical theory phys rev 160 5 1113 1148 bibcode 1967phrv 160 1113d doi 10 1103 physrev 160 1113 hartle j hawking s december 1983 wave function of the universe physical review d 28 12 american physical society 2960 2975 bibcode 1983phrvd 28 2960h doi 10 1103 physrevd 28 2960 s2cid 121947045 1 2 3 report of the memorial resolution committee for john a wheeler pdf file retrieved april 7 2021 misner charles w thorne kip s zurek wojciech h april 2009 john wheeler relativity and quantum information pdf physics today 62 4 40 46 bibcode 2009pht 62d 40m doi 10 1063 1 3120895 wheeler ford 1998 pp 334 339 1 2 gefter amanda june 17 2025 finding peter putnam nautilus retrieved june 18 2025 saunders 2010 p 6 christensen capt terry m january 2006 theoretical physics takes root in america john archibald wheeler as student and mentor academia edu retrieved december 15 2025 christensen terry m 2009 john archibald wheeler a study of mentoring in modern physics phd oregon state university gefter amanda june 4 2015 a private view of quantum reality quanta magazine christopher a fuchs curriculum vitae pdf center for quantum information and control university of new mexico retrieved december 15 2025 garisto daniel june 15 2023 jim hartle 1939 2023 aps news goodbye 07 26184 discover magazine christensen terry m april 2009 john wheeler s mentorship an enduring legacy physics today 62 4 55 59 bibcode 2009pht 62d 55c doi 10 1063 1 3120897 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