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polysulfide bromide battery wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 chemistry 2 history 3 see also 4 references 5 external links toggle the table of contents polysulfide bromide battery 5 languages català deutsch español galego українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia flow battery the polysulfide bromine battery psb sometimes polysulphide polybromide or bromine sulfur is a type of rechargeable electric battery that stores electrical energy in liquids such as water based solutions of two salts sodium bromide and sodium polysulfide it is a type of redox reduction oxidation flow battery in 2002 a 12 mwe prototype electrical storage facility was built at little barford power station in the uk 1 which used polysulfide bromide flow batteries although the facility was completed due to engineering issues in scaling up the technology it was never fully commissioned 2 a similar demonstration plant located at the tennessee valley authority tva facility in columbus mississippi united states was never completed chemistry edit two different salt solution electrolytes are contained in two separate tanks when energy is required a solution of na 2 s 2 sodium disulfide is pumped to the anode and nabr 3 sodium tribromide is pumped to the cathode the anode and cathode along with their corresponding salt solutions are separated by an ion exchange membrane at the negative electrode the anodic reaction is 2 n a 2 s 2 n a 2 s 4 2 n a 2 e displaystyle 2 mathrm na_ 2 s_ 2 rightarrow mathrm na_ 2 s_ 4 2 mathrm na 2 mathrm e at the positive electrode the cathodic reaction is n a b r 3 2 n a 2 e 3 n a b r displaystyle mathrm nabr_ 3 2 mathrm na 2 mathrm e rightarrow 3 mathrm nabr as energy is drawn from the system the sodium disulfide becomes sodium polysulfide and the sodium tribromide becomes sodium bromide this reaction can be reversed when a current is supplied to the electrodes and the system s chemical salts are recharged the system is sometimes defined as a fuel cell because the electrodes are not consumed by the reaction they act only as a surface for the reaction however the liquid is not a fuel that is consumed it is a salt solution electrolyte that is changed by the process history edit although the possibilities of using polysulfide and bromine redox couples in flow and static batteries had been mentioned before it was robert remick and peter ang of the institute of gas technology chicago who were the first to demonstrate and claim in a patent a rechargeable polysulfide polybromide battery sbb in 1981 3 they secured a doe grant for detailed studies that revealed mos 2 as a preferred yet less than ideal electrocatalyst for the negative electrode reaction 4 in 1987 stuart licht while at the weizmann institute of science rehovot israel and mit cambridge massachusetts demonstrated extraordinary aqueous solubility of potassium sulfides for example a 3 1 water salt molar ratio for k 2 s and k 2 s 4 solutions and later demonstrated this with a sulfur polysulfide aluminum battery 5 6 7 nevertheless sodium chemistry remained the mainstream among polysulfide polybromide rfb developers perhaps because of the higher solubility of nabr 8 82 molal at 20 c compared to kbr 5 49 molal at 20 c in 1992 national power plc formed in 1990 as a result of the privatization of the uk s electricity market acquired from the institute of gas technology the original us patent by remick and ang 3 and started a research and development program in the field of polysulfide polybromide rfbs initial work at national power was done by ralph zito 8 who was famously known for his prior work on zn br 2 rfbs 9 10 11 during the reorganization of the uk electricity market in the 1990s the national power patents were transferred to innogy technology ventures ltd which became in 2002 a subsidiary of the german multi utility rwe group of companies regenesys technologies limited was spun off from rwe innogy with the task of expedient demonstration and commercialization of polysulfide polybromide rfbs which were branded as regenesys batteries by 2001 regenesys employed over 70 people and demonstrated 5 kw and 10 kw stacks in 2001 the uk s department of trade and industry funded approximately 50 of the total 2 million cost with an expected cost share from rwe innogy of building a 100 kw regenesys battery at little barford in central england next to an existing gas peaker plant and a proposed windmill site 12 a similar plant was considered in columbus mississippi usa 13 14 as part of the tennessee valley authority s initiatives however scaling from 10 kw to 100 kw stacks proved more difficult than expected after addressing several technical challenges rwe decided to abandon the regenesys technology in 2003 the cost of developing the polysulfide polybromide rfbs between 1990 and 2004 amounted to over 140 million 15 others also explored the feasibility of polysulfide polybromide batteries around 2002 the dalian institute of chemical physics china launched its own sbb program in 2004 2006 they reported 1 kw systems operating at 40 ma cm 2 with the cycle energy efficiency improving from 67 to 82 due mostly to the development of new electrode materials 16 17 nevertheless the commercialization of sbbs has been limited due to technical challenges such as sulfur deposition in the porous negative electrode during long term cycling and the success of vanadium redox flow batteries in recent years sbbs with li and na conducting ceramic separators have been demonstrated although these cells showed good cycle life over 100 cycles without noticeable degradation they were operated at low current densities due to the high ohmic resistance of the separator 18 19 see also edit list of battery types flow battery battery electricity lead acid battery electrochemical cell electrochemical engineering fuel cell energy storage references edit price a bartley s cooley g male s 1999 a novel approach to utility scale energy storage power engineering journal 13 3 122 129 doi 10 1049 pe 19990304 inactive 12 july 2025 cite journal cs1 maint doi inactive as of july 2025 link review of electrical energy storage technologies and systems and of their potential for the uk pdf p 24 archived from the original pdf on 19 september 2010 retrieved 24 november 2012 1 2 us patent us4304799a robert remick peter g ang peter g ang electrically rechargeable anionically active reduction oxidation electrical storage supply system published 1981 12 08 remick robert camara emilio 1983 07 01 electrochemistry of the sulfide polysulfide couple report institute of gas technology licht stuart 1987 09 01 an energetic medium for electrochemical storage utilizing the high aqueous solubility of potassium polysulfide journal of the electrochemical society 134 9 2137 2141 doi 10 1149 1 2100838 us patent us5413881a stuart licht dharmasena peramunage dharmasena peramunage aluminum and sulfur electrochemical batteries and cells published 1995 05 09 peramunage dharmasena licht stuart 1993 08 20 a solid sulfur cathode for aqueous batteries science 261 5124 1029 1032 doi 10 1126 science 261 5124 1029 pmid 17739624 us patent us5256606a ralph zito electrochemical energy storage and or power delivery cell with ph control published 1993 10 26 us patent us3279998a ralph zito jr storage battery having bromine positive active material published 1966 10 18 us patent us3355340a ralph zito jr zinc bromine secondary cell published 1967 11 28 us patent us4388331a ralph zito zinc bromine battery with long term stability published 1983 06 14 regenesys utility scale energy storage report report energy storage association 2004 requesting proposals for completing tva s regenesys plant in columbus mississippi retrieved 24 october 2023 grant i 2002 tva s regenesys energy storage project ieee power engineering society summer meeting vol 1 pp 321 323 doi 10 1109 pess 2002 1043242 rwe abandons regenesys project the guardian 22 january 2004 zhao ping zhou huamin yi baolian 2006 nickel foam and carbon felt applications for sodium polysulfide bromine redox flow battery electrodes electrochimica acta 51 6 1091 1098 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2005 06 008 zhou huamin zhao ping yi baolian 2006 novel cobalt coated carbon felt as high performance negative electrode in sodium polysulfide bromine redox flow battery electrochemistry 74 4 296 299 doi 10 5796 electrochemistry 74 296 wang l n liu x f liu j y yang h fu c m xia y y liu t x 2018 a rechargeable metal free full liquid sulfur bromine battery for sustainable energy storage journal of materials chemistry a 6 42 20737 20744 doi 10 1039 c8ta07951j gross m m manthiram a 2019 long life polysulfide polyhalide batteries with a mediator ion solid electrolyte acs applied energy materials 2 5 3445 3451 doi 10 1021 acsaem 9b00253 external links edit electricity storage association section on psbs retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title polysulfide bromide_battery oldid 1358749708 categories electrochemical cells flow batteries sodium hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 maint doi inactive as of july 2025 this page was last edited on 10 june 2026 at 18 19 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons 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