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sfahan 3 3 captivity and death 4 government policies toggle government policies subsection 4 1 religious policy 4 2 foreign policy 4 3 government and administrative policies 4 4 building projects 4 5 coinage policy 5 personality and personal life toggle personality and personal life subsection 5 1 family and personal life 6 see also 7 notes 8 references 9 sources toggle the table of contents soltan hoseyn 38 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca تۆرکجه català کوردی čeština deutsch ελληνικά español euskara فارسی français hausa עברית हिन्दी magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული മലയാളം nederlands polski پنجابی پښتو русский svenska тоҷикӣ türkmençe türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt მარგალური 閩南語 bân lâm gí 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia safavid shah of iran from 1694 to 1722 hoseyn i redirects here for the jordanian king see hussein of jordan for the emirati footballer see sultan husain for the timurid ruler see sultan husayn bayqara soltan hoseyn contemporary portrait of soltan hoseyn in distribution of presents for the new year by shah sultan husayn painted by mohammad ali ibn mohammad zaman isfahan iran dated 1720 1721 british museum shah of iran reign 6 august 1694 21 october 1722 coronation 7 august 1694 predecessor suleiman of persia successor shāh mahmud hotak isfahan tahmasp ii qazvin born 1668 isfahan safavid iran died 9 september 1727 aged 59 isfahan hotak iran burial fatima masumeh shrine qom issue see below dynasty safavid father suleiman of persia mother unnamed circassian woman religion twelver shia islam soltan hoseyn a persian سلطان حسین romanized soltān hoseyn 1668 9 september 1727 was the safavid shah of iran from 1694 to 1722 he was the son and successor of shah suleiman r 1666 1694 born and raised in the royal harem soltan hoseyn ascended the throne with limited life experience and more or less no expertise in the affairs of the country he was installed on the throne through the efforts of his powerful great aunt maryam begum as well as the court eunuchs who wanted to increase their authority by taking advantage of a weak and impressionable ruler throughout his reign soltan hoseyn became known for his extreme devotion which had blended with his superstition impressionable personality excessive pursuit of pleasure debauchery and wastefulness all of which have been considered by both contemporary and later writers as elements that played a part in the decline of the country the last decade of soltan hoseyn s reign was marked by urban dissension tribal uprisings and encroachment by the country s neighbours the biggest threat came from the east where the afghans had rebelled under the leadership of the warlord mirwais hotak the latter s son and successor mahmud hotak made an incursion into the country s centre eventually reaching the capital isfahan in 1722 which was put under siege the city was soon struck by famine which forced soltan hoseyn to surrender on 21 october 1722 he relinquished his regalia to mahmud hotak who subsequently had him imprisoned and became the new ruler of the city in november soltan hoseyn s third son and heir apparent declared himself as tahmasp ii in the city of qazvin soltan hoseyn was beheaded on 9 september 1727 under the orders of mahmud hotak s successor ashraf hotak r 1725 1729 due to an insulting letter sent by the ottoman commander in chief ahmad pasha who claimed that he had marched into iran in order to restore soltan hoseyn to the throne background edit soltan hoseyn was born in 1668 in the royal harem 1 he was the eldest son of shah solayman r 1666 1694 and a circassian woman he had the same upbringing as his father being raised in the royal harem and thus having limited life experience and more or less no expertise in the affairs of the country 2 at best soltan hoseyn is known to have read the quran under the guidance of mir mohammad baqer khatunabadi although soltan hoseyn seems to have been able to speak persian he preferred to speak in azeri turkish similar to the majority of safavid shahs 1 when shah solayman was on deathbed he reportedly told his courters that if they wanted fame for the royal family and the country then they should choose the younger son soltan tahmasp aged 23 however if they sought peace and calmness they should choose the elder son soltan hoseyn aged 26 the french missionary priest père martin gaudereau who was in the capital of isfahan during this period reports that shah solayman was more inclined towards sultan tahmasp as his successor nevertheless soltan hoseyn s succession to the throne was secured by his powerful great aunt maryam begum as well as the court eunuchs who wanted to increase their authority by taking advantage of a weak and impressionable ruler 1 enthronement edit drawing of the royal square maydan e shah of isfahan by cornelis de bruijn dated 1703 3 soltan hoseyn king imam qoli khan s charter to the church of st david 1708 1723 due to disagreements between the palace ranks and the desire to have the enthronement take place at a well timed moment soltan hoseyn was first enthroned on 7 august 1694 a week after his father s death 29 july 1 several preparations were made before the enthronement to assure stability amongst the populace the whole city was stationed with troops in order to make the shah s soul gain tranquility an abundance of food was made accessible including to the poor 1 the merchants in the bazaar were instructed to place lights in front of their stores on the day of the inauguration at 4 o clock trumpets were blown after having been unused for fifteen days during that night the royal square maydan e shah and the surrounding bazaars were lit with bright lights and all types of animals were shown off in the square however soltan hoseyn was himself enthroned in the ayena khana palace on the southern bank of the zayanderud thus foreshadowing his provincialism and detachment 1 unlike his predecessors soltan hoseyn rejected the custom of having the leader of the sufis to equip him with a sword during the ceremony instead he asked the shaykh al islam of isfahan and leading cleric mohammad baqer majlesi to carry out this responsibility maljesi assembled a different type of gathering where he granted soltan hoseyn the title of dinparvar nurturer of the faith when soltan hoseyn asked majlesi what he wanted in return he asked for the implementation of sharia law subsequently 6 000 bottles of wine from the royal cellars were said to have been poured out on the square in a pompous manner 1 a decree was declared which prohibited all types of unislamic actions such as the manufacture and drinking of alcohol youngsters visiting coffeehouses and women going out without male company leisure activities such as pigeon flying and playing games were also banned this was made public in the provinces and engraved in stone friezes above mosques 1 the fluid transition of power to soltan hoseyn demonstrates that the realm s numerous leading factions were still working more together than clashing 4 however authority soon shifted away from muhammad baqer majlesi to soltan hoseyn s great aunt maryam begum the daughter of shah safi under her influence hosein became an alcoholic and paid less and less attention to political affairs devoting his time to his harem and his pleasure gardens 5 major events and developments edit the north edit azerbaijan edit view of tabriz illustrated by jean chardin in 1673 azerbaijan possibly the leading province concerning income and army recruitment was in a state of chaos by 1711 during the early part of that year a vague and violent conflict took place in tabriz allegedly resulting in the death of 3 000 6 in the ensuing years the inhabitants of the city greatly suffered due to high prices and oppressive management during the early part of 1719 they revolted against the city s cruel governor mohammad ali khan who fled as a result the government in isfahan subsequently punished the inhabitants of tabriz with a heavy fine in 1721 tabriz was affected by a deadly earthquake causing the destruction of 75 of the city and the death of over 40 000 inhabitants 6 shirvan edit in 1702 shirvan was described by the dutch traveler cornelis de bruijn as one of the key provinces of the safavid realm admiring it for its fertility high agricultural yield and cheap prices the province was then controlled by allahverdi khan known for his assertive and fair rule however when de bruijin returned to shirvan in 1707 the province was in disarray due to the mismanagement of allahverdi khan s son and successor who was more interested in women and wine de bruijin spoke with locals who stated that they would rather live under russian rule and would not oppose an invasion by them in 1709 lezghi mountaineers capitalized on the power vacuum in shirvan by launching raids into the province 6 russo persian war edit main article russo persian war 1722 1723 in june 1722 peter the great the then tsar of the neighbouring russian empire declared war on safavid iran in an attempt to expand russian influence in the caspian and caucasus regions and to prevent its rival ottoman empire from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining safavid iran the russian victory ratified for iran s cession of their territories in the northern southern caucasus and contemporary mainland northern iran comprising the cities of derbent southern dagestan and baku and their nearby surrounding lands as well as the provinces of gilan shirvan mazandaran and astrabad to russia per the treaty of saint petersburg 1723 7 the east edit balochi raids edit the most exposed part of iran s frontier was located in the extensive arid lands to the east the area was populated by tribes that neither the safavids nor the mughals were ever successful in pacifying 8 in 1699 the kerman province was overwhelmed by a balochi invasion 1 in response soltan hoseyn appointed the georgian prince gorgin khan george xi as beglerbeg governor of kerman the latter had previously served as the vali viceroy of georgia but had been dismissed in 1688 for helping rebel forces against the safavid governor of kakheti 9 brave and strong willed during warfare gorgin khan preferred to use as the solution to any problem 10 with the help of his brother shahqoli khan levan he routed the numerically superior balochis in various encounters in 1703 as a result of incursions by the afghans soltan hoseyn appointed gorgin khan as the sepahsalar commander in chief and governor of qandahar as well as the vali of georgia 9 gorgin khan s governorship of qandahar edit at qandahar gorgin khan soon competed against mirwais hotak a chief of the hotaki clan of the afghan ghilzai tribe who also served as the kalantar mayor of the city 11 an affluent man from prominent family mirwais was charitable towards his supporters and the poor 12 he had been under service of the safavids for a long time serving as the qafilah salar whose function was to patrol the caravan passage between iran and india 13 however he was dismissed as qafilah salar in 1706 apparently due to his poor service and negligence of his responsibility in collecting fees and taxes 1 14 meanwhile the afghan relations with gorgin khan had become uneasy due to his oppressive rule 14 most sources agree that his rule started to become oppressive quickly after his assumption of power in qandahar 9 the nominally shi i georgian soldiers of gorgin khan concealed goods seized afghan girls and women and increased taxes they also disregarded the religious freedom that the sunni afghans had been guaranteed as a condition for accepting safavid rule they were said to have defiled sunni mosques by bringing pigs and wine inside as well as taking advantage of underaged girls and 9 10 year old boys with some of them ending up being killed and their corpses thrown in front of their parents homes 14 the afghans aggrieved by this treatment sent complaints to isfahan but they were seized by gorgin khan s men at the court and thus never reached soltan hoseyn 14 mirwais planned to rebel against the georgians but was soon arrested and brought to isfahan under the orders of gorgin khan who was suspicious of him 15 the latter urged soltan hoseyn to eliminate him or at least prohibit him from going back to qandahar 16 during his stay at isfahan mirwais observed the fragility of the iranian regime as well as the possibility to benefit from the factional strife there 17 through proficient flattery and bribery he successfully reintegrated himself he persuaded soltan hoseyn that gorgin khan was not trustworthy as he planned to make his rule in qandahar autonomous and also planned a russo georgian alliance against iran 16 the rebellion of mirwais edit mirwais was given permission to go on a pilgrimage to mecca where he convinced the religious authorities to declare a fatwa that gave the afghans the right to become independent of iranian control in 1708 he was sent back to qandahar as a shadow administrator where he launched a massive rebellion in april 1709 the afghans made a surprise attack against gorgin khan and his retinue killing them in their tents they subsequently took control over qandahar and massacred its georgian garrison the news of these developments did not motivate the government to take action soltan hoseyn instead sent two emissaries in a row to protest but they were both jailed 12 soltan hoseyn then responded by selecting gorgen khan s nephew khosrow khan kay khosrow as the commander of the afghan expedition 16 the latter had previously served as the darugha prefect of isfahan 18 and following gorgin khan s death became the new sepahsalar and vali of georgia 11 khosrow khan struggled to prepare the expedition as he was given an insufficient amount of 7 000 to pay for 3 000 soldiers the grand vizier as well as members of the anti georgian court faction greatly hindered the release of funds for the expedition khosrow khan instead found reassurance through military support by the herat based afghan abdali tribe the adversaries of the ghilzai 16 after two years of warfare with the ghilzai khosrow khan finally besieged qandahar with abdali assistance two months later the ghilzai appealed for peace however after being demanded of total surrender to the iranian forces they continued fighting in october 1711 khosrow khan and his exhausted soldiers were forced to withdraw due to the summer heat illness shortage of supplies and attacks by the baluchi who had joined the afghans khosrow khan and many of his troops were killed by the pursuing afghan soldiers ...
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