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creole culture 23 a small number of community organizations focus on promoting louisiana creole for example creole inc 24 and the creole table founded by velma johnson 25 northwestern state university developed the creole heritage center designed to bring people of louisiana creole heritage together as well as preserve louisiana creole through their creole language documentation project 26 in addition there is an active online community of language learners and activists engaged in language revitalization led by language activist christophe landry 27 these efforts have resulted in the creation of a popular orthography 28 a digitalized version of valdman et al s louisiana creole dictionary 29 and a free spaced repetition course for learning vocabulary hosted on memrise created by a team led by adrien guillory chatman 30 a first language primer was released in 2017 31 32 and revised into a full length language guide and accompanying website in 2020 2 2022 saw the publication of an anthology of contemporary poetry in louisiana creole the first book written completely in the language 33 a december 2023 article in the economist highlighted revitalization efforts with the headline louisiana creole is enjoying a modest revival focusing in particular on language activists jourdan thibodeaux and taalib pierre auguste 16 geographic distribution edit speakers of louisiana creole are mainly concentrated in south and southwest louisiana st martin parish is the heart of the creole speaking region other sizeable communities exist along bayou têche in st landry avoyelles iberia and st mary parishes there are smaller communities on false river in pointe coupée parish in terrebonne parish and along the lower mississippi river in ascension st charles parish and st james and st john the baptist parishes 34 there once were creolophones in natchitoches parish on cane river and sizable creolophone communities in adjacent southeast texas beaumont houston port arthur galveston 13 35 and the chicago area natchitoches being the oldest colonial settlement in louisiana proved to be predominantly creole since its inception 36 native inhabitants of the local area louisiana creole speakers in california clarification needed reside in los angeles san diego and san bernardino counties and in northern california the san francisco bay area and sacramento plumas tehama mono and yuba counties 19 historically there were creole speaking communities in arkansas mississippi and alabama on mon louis island however it is likely that no speakers remain in these areas 37 phonology edit the phonology of louisiana creole has much in common with those of other french based creole languages in comparison to most of these languages however louisiana creole diverges less from the phonology of french in general and louisiana french in particular 38 this may be due to the language s strong tendency toward decreolization 39 consonants edit consonants of louisiana creole 40 19 20 labial alveolar postalveolar velar nasal m n ɲ ŋ plosive affricate voiceless p t tʃ k voiced b d dʒ ɡ fricative voiceless f s ʃ voiced v z ʒ tap ɾ lateral l the table above shows the consonant sounds of louisiana creole not including semivowels j and w in common with louisiana french louisiana creole features postalveolar affricates tʃ and dʒ as in tʃololo weak coffee and dʒɛl mouth the nasal palatal ɲ usually becomes nasal palatal approximant j̃ when between vowels which results in the preceding vowel becoming nasalized at the end of a word it typically is replaced by n or ŋ 40 vowels edit oral and nasal vowels of louisiana creole 40 19 20 front central back unrounded rounded close oral i y u close mid e ø o open mid ɛ œ ɔ nasal ɛ̃ œ̃ ɔ̃ open ɑ̃ oral a the table above shows the oral and nasal vowels of louisiana creole as identified by linguists 8 vowel rounding edit speakers of the language may use rounded vowels y ø and œ where they occur in french this is subject to a high degree of variation with the same region sociolinguistic group and even within the same speaker 20 19 41 examples of this process include diri duri diri dyri rice compare french du riz dyri vyé vye vje vjø old compare french vieux vjø djèl djœl dʒɛl dʒœl mouth compare louisiana french djeule dʒœl 29 vowel lowering edit the open mid vowel ɛ may be lowered to the near open vowel æ when followed by ɾ e g frè frær fɾɛ fɾæɾ brother 8 regressive and progressive vowel nasalization edit in common with louisiana french louisiana creole vowels are nasalized where they precede a nasal consonant e g jènn ʒɛ̃n young pomm pɔ̃m apple however unlike most varieties of louisiana french louisiana creole also exhibits progressive nasalization vowels following a nasal consonant are nasalized e g konnin kɔ̃nɛ̃ to know 42 grammar edit louisiana creole exhibits subject verb object svo word order 19 determiners edit in 19th century sources determiners in louisiana creole appear related to specificity bare nouns are non specific as for specific nouns if the noun is presupposed it took a definite determiner la singular la ye plural or by an indefinite determiner en singular de or ye plural today definite articles in louisiana creole vary between the le la and lê placed before the noun as in louisiana french and post positional definite determiners la for the singular and yé for the plural 40 this variation is but one example of the influence of louisiana french on louisiana creole especially in the variety spoken along the bayou têche which has been characterized by some linguists as decreolized though this notion is controversial 20 19 40 some speakers of that variety display a highly variable system of number and gender agreement as evidenced in possessive pronouns 41 personal pronouns edit 40 subject objective possessive 1st person mo mò mwin mô mâ sg fem mê pl 2nd person to twa tô tâ tê 3rd person li li sô sâ sê 1st plural nou no nouzòt nouzòt nou nô nouzòt 2nd plural vouzòt ouzòt zòt zo vouzòt zòt vouzòt 3rd plural yé yé yê possession is shown by noun noun possessum possessor constructions e g lamézon mô papa house of my grandfather or with the preposition a e g lamézon a mô papa house of my grandfather 40 verbs edit verbal morphology edit older forms of louisiana creole featured only one form of each verb without any inflection e g mɑ̃ʒe to eat today the language typically features two verb classes verbs with only a single form e g bwa bwɑ to drink and verbs with a long or short form e g manjé mɑ̃ʒe manj mɑ̃ʒ to eat 8 tense aspect mood edit like other creole languages louisiana creole features preverbal markers of tense aspect and mood as listed in the table below form classification meaning notes té anterior past state of adjectives and stative verbs pluperfect or habitual past of non stative verbs 42 apé ap é progressive ongoing actions form é is only used in pointe coupée 19 a va alé future future actions sa future states sé conditional actions or states which might take place bin remote past an action or state that began before and continued up to a subsequent point in time 19 likely a borrowing from african american english 41 vocabulary edit the vocabulary of louisiana creole is primarily of french origin as french is the language s lexifier some local vocabulary such as topography animals and plants are of american indian origin in the domains of folklore and voodoo the language has a small number of vocabulary items from west and central african languages 43 much of this non french vocabulary is shared with other french based creole languages of north america and louisiana creole shares all but a handful of its vocabulary with louisiana french 44 writing system edit louisiana creole has never had a standard universal orthography for example tʃwe to kill could variably be rendered tchué tchwé chwé and so on historically louisiana creole was often written in french based or pan creole orthographies the latter reminiscent of haitian creole writing in the most recent popular orthographic system described below the louisiana creole alphabet consists of twenty three letters of the iso basic latin alphabet excluding c q and x and several special letters and diacritics 45 letter name 46 name ipa diacritics phoneme correspondence 47 28 a a a a á á à à â â a æ æ æ æ æ b b bé be b ç ç çé se s d d dé de d e e e ə é é è è ê ê ə é e è ɛ f f èf ɛf f g g gé ɡe ɡ h h hash haʃ h i i i i í í ì ì î î i ì ɪ j j ji ʒi ʒ k k ka ka k l l èl ɛl l m m èmm ɛ̃m m n n ènn ɛ̃n n ñ ñ ñé ɲe ɲ o o o o ó ó ò ò ô ô o ò ɔ œ œ œ œ œ p p pé pe p r r ær èr æɾ ɛɾ r s s ès ɛs s t t té te t u u u y û û y v v vé ve v w w double vé dubləve w y y igrèk iɡɾɛk j z z zèd zɛd z digraph name name ipa phoneme correspondence ch ché tʃe tʃ dj djé dʒe dʒ ou ou u u sh shé ʃe ʃ nasals an am en em ɑ̃ in im ɛ̃ on om ɔ̃ un um œ̃ language samples edit numbers edit number louisiana creole ipa louisiana french ipa 1 un in œ̃ ɛ̃ un ein ɛ̃ 2 dé de deux dø 3 trwa trò tɾwa tɾɔ trois tɾwa 4 kat kat quatre kat ɾ 5 sink sɛ̃k cinq sɛ̃k 6 sis sis six sis 7 sèt sɛt sept sɛt 8 wit wit huit ɥit 9 nèf nɛf neuf nœf 10 dis dis dix dis 11 onz ɔ̃z onze ɔ̃z 12 douz duz douze duz 13 trèz tɾɛz treize tɾɛz 14 katòrz katɔɾz quatorze katɔɾz 15 kinz kɛ̃z quinze kɛ̃z 16 sèz sɛz seize sɛz 17 dis sèt disɛt dix sept disɛt 18 diz wit dizwit dix huit dizɥit 19 diz nèf diznɛf dix neuf diznœf 20 vin vɛ̃ vingt vɛ̃ 30 trent tɾɑ̃t trente tɾɑ̃t 40 karant kaɾɑ̃t quarante kaɾɑ̃t 50 sinkant sɛ̃kɑ̃t cinquante sɛ̃kɑ̃t 60 swasant swasɑ̃t soixante swasɑ̃t 70 swasant dis swasɑ̃tdis soixante dix swasɑ̃tdis 80 katré vin katɾevɛ̃ quatre vingts katɾəvɛ̃ 90 katré vin dis katɾevɛ̃dis quatre vingt dix katɾəvɛ̃dis 100 sen sɑ̃ cent sɑ̃ 1 000 mil mil mille mil greetings edit louisiana creole french english bonjou bonjour hello konmen lê zafær comment ça va how are things komen ça va komen ç apé kouri comment ça va how are you doing mo byin mærsi je vais bien merci i m good thanks wa twa pli tar à plus tard see you later mo linm twa je t aime i love you swènn twa swiñ twa prenez soin de vous toi take care bonjou bonmatin bonjour good morning bonswa bonsoir good evening bonnwi bonswa bonne nuit good night the lord s prayer edit catholic prayers are recited in french by speakers of louisiana creole today some language activists and learners are leading efforts to translate the prayers 48 unreliable source nouzòt popá ki dan syèl la tokin nom li sinkifyè n ap spéré pou to rwayonm arivé é n a fé ça t olé dan syèl parèy si latær donné nou jordi dipin tou lé jou é pardon nouzòt péshé paréy nou pardon lê moun ki fé nouzòt sikombé tentasyon la mé délivré nou depi mal see also edit united states portal languages portal louisiana creole people louisiana french haitian creole isleño spanish arkansas creoles notes edit louisiana creole kréyòl lalwizyann louisiana french créole louisianais including in creole kréyòl fransé françé gombo patwa or pejoratively nèg references edit 1 2 3 4 teo tracey march 1 2023 rediscovering america kouri vini the return of the us lost language bbc travel 1 2 guillory chatman adrien mayeux oliver wendte nathan wiltz herbert j 2020 ti liv kréyòl a learner s guide to louisiana creole new orleans tsòhk isbn 978 1527271029 neumann holzschuh ingrid klingler thomas a 2013 louisiana creole structure dataset atlas of pidgin and creole language structures online leipzig max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology retrieved may 15 2023 1 2 3 neumann holzschuh ingrid klingler thomas a structure dataset 53 louisiana creole apics online retrieved august 15 2017 hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds louisianacreole glottolog jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history louisiana creole ethnologue retrieved august 15 2017 acadian britannica december 7 2020 retrieved december 7 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 klinger thomas a neumann holzschuh ingrid 2013 michaelis susanne maria maurer phillippe haspelmath martin huber magnus eds louisiana creole the survey of pidgin and creole languages volume ii portuguese based spanish based and french based languages uk oxford university press 229 40 1 2 squint kirstin 2005 a linguistic and cultural comparison of haitian creole and louisiana creole postcolonial text 1 2 issn 1705 9100 oclc 863040959 retrieved march 1 2025 1 2 klinger thomas a 2003 if i could turn my tongue like that the creole language of pointe coupee parish louisiana louisiana louisiana state university pp 3 92 dubois sylvie melançon megan 2000 creole is creole ain t diachronic and synchronic attitudes toward creole identity in southern louisiana language in society 29 2 237 58 doi 10 1017 s0047404500002037 s2cid 144287855 velupillai viveka 2015 pidgins creoles mixed languages amsterdam john benjamins publishing company pp 48 50 1 2 3 4 5 wendte n a 2018 language and identity among louisiana creoles in southeast texas initial observations southern journal of linguistics 42 1 16 seven years war the columbia encyclopedia paul lagasse and columbia university columbia university press 8th edition 2018 credo reference carlisle aimee jeanne language attrition in louisiana creole french pdf linguistics ucdavis edu university of california davis archived from the original pdf on september 10 2016 retrieved march 27 2016 1 2 louisiana creole is enjoying a modest revival the economist december 20 2023 issn 0013 0613 archived from the original on february 29 2024 retrieved march 2 2024 brown becky 1993 the social consequences of writing louisiana french language in society 22 1 cambridge university press 67 101 doi 10 1017 s0047404500016924 issn 0047 4045 s2cid 145535212 valdman 1997 p 111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a klingler thomas 2003 if i could turn my tongue like that the creole language of pointe coupee parish louisiana baton rouge louisiana state university press isbn 0807127795 oclc 846496076 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 3 4 5 neumann ingrid 1985 le créole de breaux bridge louisiane étude morphosyntaxique textes vocabulaire hamburg helmut buske verlag isbn 9783871186974 klingler thomas a 2003 language labels and language use among cajuns and creoles in louisiana university of pennsylvania working papers in linguistics 9 2 squint kirstin l may 4 2005 a linguistic comparison of haitian creole and louisiana creole postcolonial text 1 2 demars marie april 8 2015 on a mission preserving creole culture one tweet at a time keith frank zydeco and the use of social media transatlantica revue d études américaines american studies journal in french 1 doi 10 4000 transatlantica 7586 issn 1765 2766 s2cid 194272954 creole inc creole inc retrieved october 10 2020 about us www louisianacreoleinc org archived from the original on november 7 2017 retrieved november 5 2017 gillis phil creole heritage center northwestern state university retrieved december 8 2020 mayeux oliver 2015 new speaker language the morphosyntax of new speakers of endangered languages mphil dissertation cambridge united k...
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