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ith customer priorities staffing which organization does maintenance estimating costs key technical issues are limited understanding impact analysis testing maintainability measurement software maintenance is a very broad activity that includes error correction enhancements of capabilities deletion of obsolete capabilities and optimization because change is inevitable mechanisms must be developed for evaluation controlling and making modifications so any work done to change the software after it is in operation is considered to be maintenance work the purpose is to preserve the value of software over the time the value can be enhanced by expanding the customer base meeting additional requirements becoming easier to use more efficient and employing newer technology maintenance may span for 20 years citation needed whereas development may be 1 2 years citation needed software maintenance planning edit an integral part of software is maintenance which requires an accurate maintenance plan to be constructed during the software development it should specify how users will request modifications or report problems the budget should include resource and cost estimates and a new decision should be addressed for the development of every new system feature and its quality objectives the software maintenance which can last for 5 years or even decades after the development process calls for an effective plan which can address the scope of software maintenance the tailoring of the post delivery deployment process the designation of who will provide maintenance and an estimate of the life cycle costs software maintenance processes edit this section describes the six software maintenance processes as the implementation process contains software preparation and transition activities such as the conception and creation of the maintenance plan the preparation for handling problems identified during development and the follow up on product configuration management the problem and modification analysis process which is executed once the application has become the responsibility of the maintenance group the maintenance programmer must analyze each request confirm it by reproducing the situation and check its validity investigate it and propose a solution document the request and the solution proposal and finally obtain all the required authorizations to apply the modifications the process considering the implementation of the modification itself the process acceptance of the modification by confirming the modified work with the individual who submitted the request in order to make sure the modification provided a solution the migration process platform migration for example is exceptional and is not part of daily maintenance tasks if the software must be ported to another platform without any change in functionality this process will be used and a maintenance project team is likely to be assigned to this task finally the last maintenance process also an event which does not occur on a daily basis is the retirement of a piece of software there are a number of processes activities and practices that are unique to maintainers for example transition a controlled and coordinated sequence of activities during which a system is transferred progressively from the developer to the maintainer ideally it should include a knowledge transfer kt to occur during a typical hand over service level agreements slas and specialized domain specific maintenance contracts negotiated by maintainers modification request and problem report help desk a problem handling process used by maintainers to prioritize document and route the requests they receive categories of software maintenance edit e b swanson initially identified three categories of maintenance corrective adaptive and perfective 8 the ieee 1219 standard was superseded in june 2010 by p14764 9 these have since been updated and iso iec 14764 presents corrective maintenance reactive modification of a software product performed after delivery to correct discovered problems corrective maintenance can be automated with automatic bug fixing adaptive maintenance modification of a software product performed after delivery to keep a software product usable in a changed or changing environment perfective maintenance modification of a software product after delivery to improve performance or maintainability preventive maintenance modification of a software product after delivery to detect and correct latent faults in the software product before they become effective faults there is also a notion of pre delivery pre release maintenance which is all the good things you do to lower the total cost of ownership of the software things like compliance with coding standards that includes software maintainability goals the management of coupling and cohesion of the software the attainment of software supportability goals sae ja1004 ja1005 and ja1006 for example some academic institutions who are carrying out research to quantify the cost to ongoing software maintenance due to the lack of resources such as design documents and system software comprehension training and resources multiply costs by approx 1 5 2 0 where there is no design data available maintenance factors edit impact of key adjustment factors on maintenance sorted in order of maximum positive impact maintenance factors plus range maintenance specialists 35 high staff experience 34 table driven variables and data 33 low complexity of base code 32 y2k and special search engines 30 code restructuring tools 29 re engineering tools 27 high level programming languages 25 reverse engineering tools 23 complexity analysis tools 20 defect tracking tools 20 y2k mass update specialists 20 automated change control tools 18 unpaid overtime 18 quality measurements 16 formal base code inspections 15 regression test libraries 15 excellent response time 12 annual training of 10 days 12 high management experience 12 help desk automation 12 no error prone modules 10 on line defect reporting 10 productivity measurements 8 excellent ease of use 7 user satisfaction measurements 5 high team morale 5 sum 503 not only are error prone modules troublesome but many other factors can degrade performance too for example very complex spaghetti code is quite difficult to maintain safely a very common situation which often degrades performance is lack of suitable maintenance tools such as defect tracking software change management software and test library software below describe some of the factors and the range of impact on software maintenance impact of key adjustment factors on maintenance sorted in order of maximum negative impact maintenance factors minus range error prone modules 50 embedded variables and data 45 staff inexperience 40 high code complexity 30 no y2k of special search engines 28 manual change control methods 27 low level programming languages 25 no defect tracking tools 24 no y2k mass update specialists 22 poor ease of use 18 no quality measurements 18 no maintenance specialists 18 poor response time 16 no code inspections 15 no regression test libraries 15 no help desk automation 15 no on line defect reporting 12 management inexperience 15 no code restructuring tools 10 no annual training 10 no reengineering tools 10 no reverse engineering tools 10 no complexity analysis tools 10 no productivity measurements 7 poor team morale 6 no user satisfaction measurements 4 no unpaid overtime 0 sum 500 10 maintenance debt edit in a paper for the 27th international conference on software quality management in 2019 11 john estdale introduced the term maintenance debt for maintenance needs generated by an implementation s dependence on external it factors such as libraries platforms and tools that have become obsolescent 12 the application continues to run and the it department forgets this theoretical liability focussing on more urgent requirements and problems elsewhere such debt accumulates over time silently eating away at the value of the software asset eventually something happens that makes system change unavoidable the owner may then discover that the system can no longer be modified it is literally unmaintainable less dramatically it may take too long or cost too much for maintenance to solve the business problem and an alternative solution must be found the software has suddenly crashed to 0 value estdale defines maintenance debt 12 as the gap between the current implementation state of an application and the ideal using only functionality of external components that is fully maintained and supported this debt is often hidden or not recognized an application s overall maintainability is dependent on the continuing obtainability of components of all sorts from other suppliers including development tools source editing configuration management compilation and build testing tools test selection execution verification reporting platforms to execute the above hardware operating system and other services production environment and any standby disaster recovery facilities including the source code language s run time support environment and the wider ecosystem of job scheduling file transfer replicated storage backup and archive single sign on etc etc separately acquired packages eg dbms graphics comms middleware bought in source code object code libraries and other invocable services any requirements arising from other applications sharing the production environment or interworking with the application in question and of course the availability of relevant skills in house or in the marketplace the complete disappearance of a component could make the application un rebuildable or imminently unmaintainable see also edit application retirement journal of software maintenance and evolution research and practice long term support search based software engineering software archaeology software maintainer software development references edit 13 iso iec 14764 2006 software engineering software life cycle processes maintenance iso org 2011 12 17 retrieved 2013 12 02 soleimani neysiani behzad babamir seyed morteza aritsugi masayoshi 2020 10 01 efficient feature extraction model for validation performance improvement of duplicate bug report detection in software bug triage systems information and software technology 126 106344 doi 10 1016 j infsof 2020 106344 s2cid 219733047 pigoski thomas m 1997 practical software maintenance best practices for managing your software investment wiley computer pub new york eick s graves t karr a marron j and mockus a 2001 does code decay assessing evidence from change management data ieee transactions on software engineering 27 1 1 12 lientz b swanson e 1980 software maintenance management addison wesley reading ma lehman m m 1980 program life cycles and the laws of software evolution in proceedings of ieee 68 9 1060 1076 penny grubb armstrong a takang 2003 software maintenance concepts and practice world scientific publishing company lientz b p swanson e b tompkins g e june 1978 e burt swanson the dimensions of maintenance proceedings of the 2nd international conference on software engineering san francisco 1976 pp 492 497 communications of the acm portal acm org 21 6 466 471 doi 10 1145 359511 359522 s2cid 14950091 retrieved 2013 12 02 status of 1219 1998 by ieee standards the economics of software maintenance in the twenty first century pdf archived from the original pdf on 2015 03 19 retrieved 2013 12 02 khan o marchbank p georgiadou e linecar p ross m staples g 2019 proc of software quality management xxvii international experiences and initiatives in it quality management southampton solent university isbn 978 1 9996549 2 4 a b estdale john delaying maintenance can prove fatal in 11 pp 95 106 pigoski thomas chapter 6 software maintenance pdf swebok ieee retrieved 5 november 2012 further reading edit iso iec 14764 ieee std 14764 2006 software engineering software life cycle processes maintenance 2006 doi 10 1109 ieeestd 2006 235774 isbn 0 7381 4960 8 pigoski thomas m 1996 practical software maintenance new york john wiley sons isbn 978 0 471 17001 3 pigoski thomas m description for software evolution and maintenance version 0 5 swebok knowledge area april alain abran alain 2008 software maintenance management new york wiley ieee isbn 978 0 470 14707 8 gopalaswamy ramesh ramesh bhattiprolu 2006 software maintenance effective practices for geographically distributed environments new delhi tata mcgraw hill isbn 978 0 07 048345 3 grubb penny takang armstrong 2003 software maintenance new jersey world scientific publishing isbn 978 981 238 425 6 lehman m m belady l a 1985 program evolution processes of software change london academic press inc isbn 0 12 442441 4 page jones meilir 1980 the practical guide to structured systems design new york yourdon press isbn 0 917072 17 0 external links edit journal of software maintenance v t e computer science note this template roughly follows the 2012 acm computing classification system hardware printed circuit board peripheral integrated circuit very large scale integration systems on chip socs energy consumption green computing electronic design automation hardware acceleration computer systems organization computer architecture embedded system real time computing dependability networks network architecture network protocol network components network scheduler network performance evaluation network service software organization interpreter middleware virtual machine operating system software quality software notations and tools programming paradigm programming language compiler domain specific language modeling language software framework integrated development environment software configuration management software library software repository software development control variable software development process requirements analysis software design software construction software deployment software engineering software maintenance programming team open source model theory of computation model of computation formal language automata theory computability theory computational complexity theory logic semantics algorithms algorithm design analysis of algorithms algorithmic efficiency randomized algorithm computational geometry mathematics of computing discrete mathematics probability statistics mathematical software information theory mathematical analysis numerical analysis theoretical computer science information systems database management system information storage systems enterprise information system social information systems geographic information system decision support system process control system multimedia information system data mining digital library computing platform digital marketing world wide web information retrieval security cryptography formal methods security services intrusion detection system hardware security network security information security application security human computer interact...
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